Biochem Lab Quiz 1

What does CBC stand for?

Complete Blood Count

What does BMP stand for?

Basic Metabolic Panel

What does CMP stand for?

Comprehensive Metabolic Panel

What is venous blood collected in?

Lavender tube

What makes a specimen unacceptable?

Clotted or >48 hours old

What is the methodology of testing?

White blood analyzer (mm³)

What percentage of blood is plasma?

55%

What percentage of plasma is water?

92%

What are the main proteins in plasma and their percentages?

Albumins (58%) and Globulins (37%)

What other solutes are found in plasma?

Electrolytes, nutrients, respitory gases, and waste products

What percentage of blood is erythrocytes?

44%

How many erythrocytes are there per cubic mm?

4.2-6.2 million

What percentage of blood is the buffy coat?

<1%

How many platelets are in the buffy coat per cubic mm?

150-400 thousand

How many leukocytes in the buffy coat are there per cubic mm?

4.5-11 thousand

What percentage of leukocytes are neutrphils?

50-70%

What percentage of buffy coat lymphocytes?

20-40%

What percentage of the buffy coat is monocytes?

2-8%

What percentage of the buffy coat is eosinophils?

1-4%

What percentage of the buffy coat are basophils?

0.5-1%

What is measured in RBC data?

Total RBC, hemoglobin (HB), hematocrit (Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MVC), and red blood cell distribution width (RDW)

What is total RBC count?

Number of RBCs in 1 mm³ of peripheral venous blood

What is the equation for total RBC count?

5.1 × 10^6 / microliter (mcl)

What is hematocrit? (Hct)

Total % of total blood volume that is RBCs

Who has a higher Hct? Males or females?

Males

What is mean corpuscular volume? (MCV)

Measures average size or volume or RBCs

What is the MCV important in classifying?

Different types of anemia

What is normal MCV?

80-100 fL

What is RBC distribution width? (RDW)

Meansures variation in RBC size (Anisocytosis)

What is a sign of increased RBC distribution width? (RDW)

Deficiency anemia (iron, b12, folate)

What is white blood cell count? (Total WBC)

Total of WBCs in 1 mm³ of peripheral blood

What is a normal White blood cell count? (Total WBC)

4000-11000

What is a differential WBC count?

Includes % of various types of leukocytes

What is platelet count?

Count of number of platelets (thrombocytes) per 1mm³ of blood

What is normal platelet count?

150- 400,000

How is differential WBC , absolute calculated?

Absolute number of various cell types calculated by multiplying % of WBC by total WBC count

What is mean cell hemoglobin? (MCH)

Hemoglobin concentration per cell

What is mean cell hemoglobin concentration? (MCHC)

Average hemoglobin concentration per total RBC volume

What is a basic metabolic panel? (BMP)

Multiple tests grouped into a single profile

What does a basic metabolic panel sincludes in tests? (BMP)

Electrolytes and tests of kidney function

Why is sodium important?

Major cation in extracellular space

What are normal sodium levels

Around 140 mmol/L

Why is potassium important?

Major intracellular cation

What is normal potassium levels?

3.5-4.5 mmol/L

If specimen is hemolyzed, potassium levels mat be “falsely” elevated, why?

Intracellular material leaves cell

Why is Chloride important?

Major extracellular anion

What are normal concentrations of chloride?

Around 100 mmol/L

What does Chloride follow to maintain electrical neurtrality?

Na+ or HCO3-

What does CO2 indirectly measure?

H2CO3 (Carbonic acid)

What is the important carbonic acid equation?

CO2 + H2O ←→ H2CO3 ← → H+ + HCO3-

What is BMP an indirect measure of?

HCO3- (bicarbonate)

Blood Urea Nitrogen is a test for which organ? (BUN)

Kidney function

What does blood urea nitrogen measure? (BUN)

Amount of urea nitrogen in the blood

How is urea formed?

In the liver as a product of protein transportation

What is an indication of renal disease?

Decrease in urea excretion and increase in blood urea nitrogen (BUN)

What is creatinine?

A catabolic product of creatine phosphate used in skeletal muscle contraction

How is creatinine waste removed?

Entirely by the kidneys

What is a bad level for creatinine in the blood?

>1

What components in the body require glucose?

Neurons and RBCs

What happens during a sudden drop in glucose?

Fainting and signs of hypoglycemia

How is glucose evaluated?

Plasma glucose levels in relation to patients’ meal

What are normal glucose levels?

70-99 mg/dL

What is a criteria for diagnosing diabetes during fasting?

Glucose >126 mg/dL

What does total calcium measure?

Free (ionized) + Protein (albumin)-bound calcium

What is serum albumin?

It is the “bus for calcium”

What affects the total serum calcium?

Changes in serum albumin

What is the rule of thumb for total calcium levels?

Total serum calcium level ↓ by ≈ 0.8 mg for every 1 g ↓ in serum albumin

What is a comprehensive metabolic panel?

Provides more extensive laboratory evaluation of organ dysfunction

What are most plasma proteins?

Albumin and globulins

What follows albumin?

Water

How much of the total protein in the blood plasma is albumin?

Around 60%

Where is albumin synthesized?

In the liver and is a measure of hepatic function

What are the roles of albumin?

Maintain colloid osmotic pressure and transport blood constituents (nutrients, hormones, enzymes)

What is Alkaline Phosphate? (Alk Phos or ALP)

Isoenzyme present in various tissues including liver, bones, kidney, intestine, and placenta

How long do RBCs last?

120 days

What is bilirubin total?

Sum of conjugated (direct) + unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin

What percentage of bilirubin makes up total bilirubin?

70-85%

Why is bilirubin clinically significant?

↑ total bilirubin reflects problem with bilirubin metabolism:

What is Aspartate Aminotransferase? (AST)

Enzyme present in hepatocytes and myocytes (Liver function test)

What does an increase in Aspartate Aminotransferase commonly reflect? (AST)

Hepatocellular injury, myocardial injury, skeletal muscle injury

What is Alanine Aminotransferase? (ALT)

Enzyme found mostly in liver and kidney cells

What does an increase in Alanine Aminotransferase mean? (ALT)

Liver injury