IB Biology Final

Which bonds are responsible for the cohesive properties of water molecules?

Hydrogen bonds between water molecules

What aids in the transfer of water between cells in a leaf and the outside environment?

Capillary action in the cell walls

What are properties of a glucose molecule?

Hydrophilic and soluble

Why is water a polar molecule?

The electrons in the covalent bond are not shared equally

Does water or air have a higher viscosity?

Water

Is thermal conductivity higher in air or water?

Water

Buoyancy

Thermal conductivity

Adhesion

What is the description of the backbone of DNA?

Covalent bonds between deoxyribose and phosphate molecules

Which type of bonding includes sharing electrons?

Covalent

Hershey and Chase used viral bacteriophages to demonstrate that DNA, not protein, is the genetic material. This investigation used radioactive phosphorus to label DNA. Outline how radioactive labelling was used in this investigation. (SHORT ANSWER)

Describe the structure of a nucleosome. (SHORT ANSWER)

Carbon is thought of as the basis of biological polymers for which of the following reasons:

I. It can form chains by bonding to other carbon atoms.

II. It is found in carbohydrates.
III. It can form 4 covalent bonds.
IV. It can form branched and ring structures.

I, III, and IV only.

What reaction occurs in the formation of a triglyceride from glycerol and 3 fatty acids?

Condensation

Which type of structure are the ABO antigens that define human blood groups?

Glycoprotein

Which of the following terms would be a appropriate to describe the molecule illustrated?

I. Hexose

II. Polysaccharide
III. Glucose
IV. Pentose

I and III only.

How many aromatic rings are typically in a steroid molecule?

4

What type of reaction converts glucose to sucrose?

Condensation

What type of reaction converts triglycerides to fatty acids?

Hydolysis

Name one example of lipid storage in animals and state its function.

Name one example of carbohydrate storage in humans and state a location where it is stored in the body.

Glycogen in skeletal tissue/liver

Name one example of carbohydrate storage in plants and state its function.

Plants store cellulose to keep their structure.

What is the term that refers to a molecule that has both hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions?

Amphipatic

Name the type of carbohydrate of each of the three nutrient sources:

Glucose

Starch

Sucrose

Monosaccharide

Polysaccharide

Disaccharide

Why are proteins polymers that can have such a large range of structures?

There are 20 kinds of amino acids that can be used as monomers for polypeptides.

What contributes to the almost infinite variety of polypeptide chains?

The sequence of amino acids in the peptide chain.

Denaturation

The change in structure of a peptide

Forming a dipeptide from two amino acids requires which type of reaction?

Condensation reaction

characteristics that make r-groups distinct

they can be acidic, basic, polar, non polar, hydrophobic, or hydrophilic

Would globular proteins be more resistant to denaturing with increased temperature compared to fibrous proteins? Explain.

No, because fibrous is more tightly coiled and globular is less tightly wound.

List the types of bonding that determine the tertiary structure of a protein.

Dipeptide bonds, covalent bonds, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds

Distinguish between a conjugated and non-conjugated protein, give an example of a conjugated protein.

A conjugated protein contains a prosthetic group that is not an amino acid and an example would be hemoglobin. A non-conjugated protein is made entirely of amino acids.

Insulin

Globular, non-conjugated

Hemoglobin

Globular, conjugated

Collagen

Fibrous, non-conjugated

Explain why hemoglobin is soluble in blood/water

Because the molecules on the outside of the atom are polar and hydrophillic

Is hemoglobin amphipathic?

yes

Is Insulin amphipathic?

yes

Which amino acid is needed to form a disulfide bridge?

Cystine

Is a disulfide bridge an example of an ionic, covalent, or hydrogen bond?

Covalent

For what reason is the melting point of water so much higher than methane?

Hydrogen bonding in the water holds the molecules more closely together

Why are fats not transported in large quantities in the blood?

Hydrophobic and insoluble in water

How are carbohydrate monomers linked together and what type of molecules do they form?

They are linked by condensation reactions and form disaccharides and polysaccharides.

Plant walls contain which of the following in abundance?

Cellulose

What are the 2 polymers which make up starch called, and what is the difference in their structure?

Amylose, an unbranched molecule, and amylopectin, a branched polysaccharide.

Which part of a cell determines the order of the amino acids in the protein Insulin?

DNA in the nucleus

Biologists examined the cell of some muscle tissue and some skin tissue taken from the leg of a mouse. In each sample they identified the genome and the proteome of one cell. What pattern would be expected about the genome and proteome of each cell?

The genomes of the cells would be almost exactly the same, but the proteomes would be different.

Which of the following molecules is a monosaccharide?

gluclose

What stores more energy per gram, lipids or carbohydrates?

lipids

What can cause an enzyme to be denatured?

Changing the pH

The binding of the substrate to the active site of an enzyme causes which of the following changes?

I. A permanent change in the shape of the enzyme

II. A temporary change in the shape of the active site of the enzyme

III. A lowering of the activation energy of the reaction

IV. The denaturation of the enzyme

II and III only

Which type of reaction does the catabolic enzyme Invertase utilize to convert sucrose to glucose, condensation or hydrolysis?

Hydrolysis