BIOL120 Animal Diversity & Development – Lectures 3-9 Vocabulary

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A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, structures, groups, and processes discussed across Biol120 lectures 3–9 on animal diversity and development.

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99 Terms

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Unikonta

Eukaryotic super-group comprising Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta.

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Amoebozoans

Unikont clade with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopods; includes slime moulds and amoebae.

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Opisthokonts

Unikont clade containing Fungi, Choanoflagellates, and Animalia.

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Choanoflagellates

Aquatic protists whose collar-flagellate cells are the closest living relatives of animals.

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Mycetozoans

Slime moulds that alternate between feeding stage and fruiting body; model for cooperation.

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Plasmodial slime mould

Syncytial Mycetozoan form consisting of a multinucleate plasmodium.

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Cellular slime mould

Mycetozoan form that aggregates independent cells into a multicellular structure.

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Physarum polycephalum

Plasmodial slime mould used in biological computation and maze solving.

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Tubulinids

Free-living amoebozoans that ingest prey via phagocytosis; ~2,400 species.

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Difflugia

Shelled, mixotrophic tubulinid; among the oldest known eukaryote fossils (~750 Ma).

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Archamoebae

Anaerobic amoebozoans lacking mitochondria; include Entamoebida and Pelobiontida.

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Entamoeba histolytica

Archamoebae parasite causing amoebic dysentery in humans.

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Neoparamoeba perurans

Archamoebae species responsible for amoebic gill disease in aquaculture fish.

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Nucleariids

Unicellular, bacteria-eating opisthokont relatives of fungi; some produce silica scales.

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Fonticula alba

Nucleariid that independently evolved aggregative behaviour and fruiting bodies.

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Fungi

Opisthokont kingdom of heterotrophs that absorb nutrients after external digestion.

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Radiotropism

Enhanced fungal growth in ionising radiation, possibly via melanin energy capture.

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Chytrids

Fungal group with flagellated spores; includes amphibian pathogens.

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Zygomycetes

Fungi producing resistant zygosporangia; includes fast-growing food moulds.

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Glomeromycetes

Fungi forming arbuscular mycorrhizae; fossil record ~410 Ma.

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Ascomycetes

‘Sac fungi’ with >64,000 species; many industrial and pathogenic forms.

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Basidiomycetes

‘Club fungi’ including mushrooms, rusts, and smuts; complex basidia produce spores.

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Animalia

Multicellular, heterotrophic, motile opisthokonts with specialised tissues and organs.

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Cleavage

Rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote that increase cell number while reducing size.

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Blastula

Hollow ball of cells formed after cleavage; cavity is the blastocoel.

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Gastrulation

Embryonic invagination creating the gastrula, germ layers, and archenteron.

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Ectoderm

Outer germ layer forming epidermis and nervous tissue.

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Mesoderm

Middle germ layer forming muscles, blood, bones, and connective tissues.

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Endoderm

Inner germ layer becoming gut lining and associated organs.

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Protostome

Animal whose mouth forms from the blastopore and exhibits spiral, determinate cleavage.

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Deuterostome

Animal whose anus forms from the blastopore and shows radial, indeterminate cleavage.

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Acoelomate

Animal lacking a body cavity; mesoderm fills space between gut and body wall.

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Pseudocoelomate

Animal with a body cavity not completely lined by mesoderm.

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Coelomate

Animal with a true coelom fully lined by mesoderm.

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Radial symmetry

Body plan with multiple planes of symmetry around a central axis.

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Bilateral symmetry

Single plane of symmetry producing left and right sides; associated with cephalization.

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Pentaradial symmetry

Five-fold radial symmetry unique to adult echinoderms.

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Parazoa

Subkingdom containing Porifera; multicellular but lacking true tissues.

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Eumetazoa

Subkingdom of animals possessing true tissues and usually organs.

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Porifera

Sponges; asymmetric, no true tissues, filter feeders with spicules.

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Spicule

Calcite or silica skeletal element providing structural support in sponges.

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Choanocyte

Flagellated sponge cell that drives water flow and captures food.

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Amoebocyte

Totipotent sponge cell that transports nutrients and forms spicules.

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Gemmule

Asexual, resistant reproductive structure produced by some sponges.

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Cnidaria

Diploblastic, radially symmetrical animals with cnidocytes and a gastrovascular cavity.

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Cnidocyte

Stinging cell of cnidarians containing a nematocyst organelle.

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Nematocyst

Harpoon-like capsule in cnidocytes that injects toxin into prey.

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Polyp

Sessile cnidarian body form with mouth facing upward.

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Medusa

Free-swimming cnidarian form with mouth facing downward.

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Mesoglea

Gelatinous layer between epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians.

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Gastrovascular cavity

Central digestive compartment with a single opening in cnidarians and flatworms.

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Platyhelminthes

Triploblastic, acoelomate flatworms with organ-level organisation.

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Parenchyma (Platyhelminthes)

Mesoderm-derived solid tissue filling the body of flatworms.

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Protonephridia

Flame-bulb excretory system removing excess water in flatworms.

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Turbellaria

Mostly free-living class of flatworms.

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Cestoidea

Parasitic tapeworm class of flatworms lacking a gut.

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Trematoda

Endoparasitic fluke class of flatworms with complex life cycles.

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Monogenea

Ectoparasitic fluke class mainly infecting fish.

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Arthropoda

Phylum of segmented animals with jointed appendages and chitinous exoskeleton.

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Exoskeleton (arthropod)

Rigid external cuticle providing protection and muscle attachment.

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Ecdysis

Moulting process by which arthropods shed the old exoskeleton to grow.

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Tracheal system

Network of air tubes delivering oxygen directly to arthropod tissues.

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Chelicerata

Arthropod subphylum with chelicerae and no antennae; spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs.

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Crustacea

Primarily aquatic arthropod subphylum with two pairs of antennae and biramous appendages.

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Myriapoda

Subphylum containing millipedes and centipedes; many trunk segments with legs.

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Hexapoda

Six-legged arthropod subphylum; includes insects.

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Trilobita

Extinct marine arthropod subphylum from Cambrian–Permian periods.

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Complete metamorphosis

Insect development with distinct egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages.

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Hexapody

Possession of six walking legs arranged for tripod gait in insects.

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Mollusca

Soft-bodied coelomate phylum with foot, mantle, mantle cavity, and radula.

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Mantle

Molluscan body wall that secretes the shell and forms the mantle cavity.

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Radula

Rasping tongue-like organ in most molluscs; lost in bivalves.

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Torsion

180° rotation of the visceral mass in gastropod development.

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Polyplacophora

Chitons; eight dorsal shell plates and broad foot.

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Gastropoda

Largest mollusc class including snails and slugs; often undergo torsion.

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Bivalvia

Mollusc class with two lateral shells and suspension feeding; radula absent.

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Cephalopoda

Active predatory molluscs with tentacles, beak, and jet propulsion.

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Echinodermata

Marine deuterostomes with pentaradial adults and water vascular system.

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Water vascular system

Hydraulic network in echinoderms powering tube feet.

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Madreporite

Porous entry plate for seawater into an echinoderm’s water vascular system.

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Tube foot

Fluid-filled appendage used for locomotion and feeding in echinoderms.

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Asteroidea

Sea star class with arms radiating from a central disc.

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Ophiuroidea

Brittle star class with slender, flexible arms and defined central disc.

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Echinoidea

Sea urchin and sand dollar class with rigid test and spines.

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Crinoidea

Sea lilies and feather stars with many pinnulate arms; earliest echinoderm lineage.

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Holothuroidea

Sea cucumbers; elongated echinoderms with reduced ossicles and secondary bilateral symmetry.

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Chordata

Deuterostome phylum defined by notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.

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Notochord

Flexible rod providing axial support in chordates.

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Dorsal hollow nerve cord

Tubular nerve cord dorsal to notochord; anterior enlargement forms brain.

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Pharyngeal slits

Openings in pharynx functioning in filter feeding, respiration, or derivative structures.

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Post-anal tail

Muscular tail extending beyond the anus in chordates; aids locomotion.

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Urochordata

Tunicates; chordate subphylum with tadpole larva and sessile adult.

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Cephalochordata

Lancelets; retain all four chordate traits throughout life.

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Vertebrata

Chordates with vertebral column replacing notochord and cranium protecting brain.

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Gnathostome

Jawed vertebrate; jaws evolved from anterior gill arches.

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Tiktaalik

Transitional Devonian lobe-finned fish exhibiting tetrapod-like limbs.

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Amniotic egg

Egg with protective membranes allowing terrestrial development in reptiles, birds, and mammals.

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Ectothermy

Regulation of body temperature primarily by external heat sources.

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Endothermy

Internal heat generation maintaining stable body temperature; high metabolic demand.