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A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering key terms, structures, groups, and processes discussed across Biol120 lectures 3–9 on animal diversity and development.
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Unikonta
Eukaryotic super-group comprising Amoebozoa and Opisthokonta.
Amoebozoans
Unikont clade with lobe- or tube-shaped pseudopods; includes slime moulds and amoebae.
Opisthokonts
Unikont clade containing Fungi, Choanoflagellates, and Animalia.
Choanoflagellates
Aquatic protists whose collar-flagellate cells are the closest living relatives of animals.
Mycetozoans
Slime moulds that alternate between feeding stage and fruiting body; model for cooperation.
Plasmodial slime mould
Syncytial Mycetozoan form consisting of a multinucleate plasmodium.
Cellular slime mould
Mycetozoan form that aggregates independent cells into a multicellular structure.
Physarum polycephalum
Plasmodial slime mould used in biological computation and maze solving.
Tubulinids
Free-living amoebozoans that ingest prey via phagocytosis; ~2,400 species.
Difflugia
Shelled, mixotrophic tubulinid; among the oldest known eukaryote fossils (~750 Ma).
Archamoebae
Anaerobic amoebozoans lacking mitochondria; include Entamoebida and Pelobiontida.
Entamoeba histolytica
Archamoebae parasite causing amoebic dysentery in humans.
Neoparamoeba perurans
Archamoebae species responsible for amoebic gill disease in aquaculture fish.
Nucleariids
Unicellular, bacteria-eating opisthokont relatives of fungi; some produce silica scales.
Fonticula alba
Nucleariid that independently evolved aggregative behaviour and fruiting bodies.
Fungi
Opisthokont kingdom of heterotrophs that absorb nutrients after external digestion.
Radiotropism
Enhanced fungal growth in ionising radiation, possibly via melanin energy capture.
Chytrids
Fungal group with flagellated spores; includes amphibian pathogens.
Zygomycetes
Fungi producing resistant zygosporangia; includes fast-growing food moulds.
Glomeromycetes
Fungi forming arbuscular mycorrhizae; fossil record ~410 Ma.
Ascomycetes
‘Sac fungi’ with >64,000 species; many industrial and pathogenic forms.
Basidiomycetes
‘Club fungi’ including mushrooms, rusts, and smuts; complex basidia produce spores.
Animalia
Multicellular, heterotrophic, motile opisthokonts with specialised tissues and organs.
Cleavage
Rapid mitotic divisions of the zygote that increase cell number while reducing size.
Blastula
Hollow ball of cells formed after cleavage; cavity is the blastocoel.
Gastrulation
Embryonic invagination creating the gastrula, germ layers, and archenteron.
Ectoderm
Outer germ layer forming epidermis and nervous tissue.
Mesoderm
Middle germ layer forming muscles, blood, bones, and connective tissues.
Endoderm
Inner germ layer becoming gut lining and associated organs.
Protostome
Animal whose mouth forms from the blastopore and exhibits spiral, determinate cleavage.
Deuterostome
Animal whose anus forms from the blastopore and shows radial, indeterminate cleavage.
Acoelomate
Animal lacking a body cavity; mesoderm fills space between gut and body wall.
Pseudocoelomate
Animal with a body cavity not completely lined by mesoderm.
Coelomate
Animal with a true coelom fully lined by mesoderm.
Radial symmetry
Body plan with multiple planes of symmetry around a central axis.
Bilateral symmetry
Single plane of symmetry producing left and right sides; associated with cephalization.
Pentaradial symmetry
Five-fold radial symmetry unique to adult echinoderms.
Parazoa
Subkingdom containing Porifera; multicellular but lacking true tissues.
Eumetazoa
Subkingdom of animals possessing true tissues and usually organs.
Porifera
Sponges; asymmetric, no true tissues, filter feeders with spicules.
Spicule
Calcite or silica skeletal element providing structural support in sponges.
Choanocyte
Flagellated sponge cell that drives water flow and captures food.
Amoebocyte
Totipotent sponge cell that transports nutrients and forms spicules.
Gemmule
Asexual, resistant reproductive structure produced by some sponges.
Cnidaria
Diploblastic, radially symmetrical animals with cnidocytes and a gastrovascular cavity.
Cnidocyte
Stinging cell of cnidarians containing a nematocyst organelle.
Nematocyst
Harpoon-like capsule in cnidocytes that injects toxin into prey.
Polyp
Sessile cnidarian body form with mouth facing upward.
Medusa
Free-swimming cnidarian form with mouth facing downward.
Mesoglea
Gelatinous layer between epidermis and gastrodermis in cnidarians.
Gastrovascular cavity
Central digestive compartment with a single opening in cnidarians and flatworms.
Platyhelminthes
Triploblastic, acoelomate flatworms with organ-level organisation.
Parenchyma (Platyhelminthes)
Mesoderm-derived solid tissue filling the body of flatworms.
Protonephridia
Flame-bulb excretory system removing excess water in flatworms.
Turbellaria
Mostly free-living class of flatworms.
Cestoidea
Parasitic tapeworm class of flatworms lacking a gut.
Trematoda
Endoparasitic fluke class of flatworms with complex life cycles.
Monogenea
Ectoparasitic fluke class mainly infecting fish.
Arthropoda
Phylum of segmented animals with jointed appendages and chitinous exoskeleton.
Exoskeleton (arthropod)
Rigid external cuticle providing protection and muscle attachment.
Ecdysis
Moulting process by which arthropods shed the old exoskeleton to grow.
Tracheal system
Network of air tubes delivering oxygen directly to arthropod tissues.
Chelicerata
Arthropod subphylum with chelicerae and no antennae; spiders, scorpions, horseshoe crabs.
Crustacea
Primarily aquatic arthropod subphylum with two pairs of antennae and biramous appendages.
Myriapoda
Subphylum containing millipedes and centipedes; many trunk segments with legs.
Hexapoda
Six-legged arthropod subphylum; includes insects.
Trilobita
Extinct marine arthropod subphylum from Cambrian–Permian periods.
Complete metamorphosis
Insect development with distinct egg, larva, pupa, and adult stages.
Hexapody
Possession of six walking legs arranged for tripod gait in insects.
Mollusca
Soft-bodied coelomate phylum with foot, mantle, mantle cavity, and radula.
Mantle
Molluscan body wall that secretes the shell and forms the mantle cavity.
Radula
Rasping tongue-like organ in most molluscs; lost in bivalves.
Torsion
180° rotation of the visceral mass in gastropod development.
Polyplacophora
Chitons; eight dorsal shell plates and broad foot.
Gastropoda
Largest mollusc class including snails and slugs; often undergo torsion.
Bivalvia
Mollusc class with two lateral shells and suspension feeding; radula absent.
Cephalopoda
Active predatory molluscs with tentacles, beak, and jet propulsion.
Echinodermata
Marine deuterostomes with pentaradial adults and water vascular system.
Water vascular system
Hydraulic network in echinoderms powering tube feet.
Madreporite
Porous entry plate for seawater into an echinoderm’s water vascular system.
Tube foot
Fluid-filled appendage used for locomotion and feeding in echinoderms.
Asteroidea
Sea star class with arms radiating from a central disc.
Ophiuroidea
Brittle star class with slender, flexible arms and defined central disc.
Echinoidea
Sea urchin and sand dollar class with rigid test and spines.
Crinoidea
Sea lilies and feather stars with many pinnulate arms; earliest echinoderm lineage.
Holothuroidea
Sea cucumbers; elongated echinoderms with reduced ossicles and secondary bilateral symmetry.
Chordata
Deuterostome phylum defined by notochord, dorsal hollow nerve cord, pharyngeal slits, and post-anal tail.
Notochord
Flexible rod providing axial support in chordates.
Dorsal hollow nerve cord
Tubular nerve cord dorsal to notochord; anterior enlargement forms brain.
Pharyngeal slits
Openings in pharynx functioning in filter feeding, respiration, or derivative structures.
Post-anal tail
Muscular tail extending beyond the anus in chordates; aids locomotion.
Urochordata
Tunicates; chordate subphylum with tadpole larva and sessile adult.
Cephalochordata
Lancelets; retain all four chordate traits throughout life.
Vertebrata
Chordates with vertebral column replacing notochord and cranium protecting brain.
Gnathostome
Jawed vertebrate; jaws evolved from anterior gill arches.
Tiktaalik
Transitional Devonian lobe-finned fish exhibiting tetrapod-like limbs.
Amniotic egg
Egg with protective membranes allowing terrestrial development in reptiles, birds, and mammals.
Ectothermy
Regulation of body temperature primarily by external heat sources.
Endothermy
Internal heat generation maintaining stable body temperature; high metabolic demand.