LL osteology and arthrology

What structures are included in the hip region?

Hip joint, Greater trochanter of the femur

What is the femoral (thigh) region?

Region of the free lower limb between the gluteal and knee regions

What structures are associated with the knee region?

Femoral condyles, Distal femur, Proximal tibia, Head of the fibula, Patella, Joints between these structures

What is the femur?

Longest and heaviest bone in the body

What is the function of the head of the femur?

Articulates with the acetabulum

What is the function of the fovea of the femur?

Attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur

What is the angle of inclination?

Angle between the head-neck and the shaft of the femur

What is the location of the greater trochanter?

Lateral aspect of the femur

What is the function of the greater trochanter?

Attachment for the abductors and rotators of the thigh

What is the function of the lesser trochanter?

Attachment for the primary flexors of the thigh

What is the linea aspera?

Broad rough ridge on the shaft of the femur

What is the function of the linea aspera?

Attachment for the adductors of the thigh

What is the pectineal line?

Ridge extending from the central part of the linea aspera to the base of the lesser trochanter

What is the function of the medial and lateral condyles?

Articulate with the tibia to form the knee joint

What is the function of the medial and lateral epicondyles?

Attachment for the collateral ligaments of the knee joint

What is the location of the adductor tubercle?

Superior to the medial epicondyle

What is the tibia?

Bone forming the leg together with the fibula

What structures does the tibia articulate with?

Femoral condyles superiorly, Talus inferiorly

What is the function of the tibia?

Transmits body weight from the thigh to the foot

What is the location of the tibia?

Anteromedial side of the leg, Parallel to the fibula

What is the function of the interosseous membrane?

Connects the tibia and fibula

What are the parts of the tibia?

Medial condyle, Lateral condyle, Intercondylar eminence, Intercondylar tubercles, Tibial tuberosity, Medial malleolus

What are the features of the medial and lateral condyles of the tibia?

Overhang the shaft medially, laterally, and posteriorly

What forms the intercondylar eminence?

Intercondylar tubercles

What is the function of the intercondylar tubercles?

Attachment site for the menisci and ligaments of the knee

What is the function of the tibial tuberosity?

Attachment for the patellar ligament

What is the function of the medial malleolus?

Articulates with the talus and forms the medial side of the ankle

What is the fibula?

Bone forming the leg together with the tibia

What is the location of the fibula?

Posterolateral to the tibia

What is the function of the fibula?

Does not bear weight, Important for muscle attachment

What are the parts of the fibula?

Lateral malleolus

What is the function of the lateral malleolus?

Attachment for ligaments stabilizing the ankle joint

What is the tarsus?

Region consisting of seven bones

What bones make up the tarsus?

Talus, Calcaneus, Cuboid, Navicular, Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform

What structures does the talus articulate with?

Tibia, Calcaneus, Navicular

What is the function of the talus?

Receives body weight from the tibia, Transmits body weight to the calcaneus, Transmits body weight anteriorly to the navicular

What muscle or tendon attaches to the talus?

None

What is the calcaneus?

Largest and strongest bone of the foot

What is the function of the calcaneus?

Transmits body weight from the talus to the ground

What structure does the calcaneus articulate with anteriorly?

Cuboid

What is the location of the navicular?

Between the talus posteriorly and the three cuneiform bones anteriorly

What structures does the cuboid articulate with?

Calcaneus posteriorly, Navicular medially, Lateral cuneiform medially, Fourth metatarsal, Fifth metatarsal

What are the cuneiform bones?

Medial cuneiform, Intermediate cuneiform, Lateral cuneiform

What structures do the cuneiform bones articulate with?

Navicular posteriorly, Bases of the corresponding metatarsals anteriorly

What is the metatarsus?

Region consisting of five metatarsal bones

How are the metatarsals numbered?

From the medial to the lateral side of the foot

What are the features of the first metatarsal?

Associated with the great toe, Shortest metatarsal

What is the feature of the second metatarsal?

Longest metatarsal

What are the parts of a metatarsal?

Head, Shaft, Base

How many phalanges are found in the foot?

Fourteen

How many phalanges does the first digit have?

Proximal phalanx, Distal phalanx

How many phalanges do digits two through five have?

Proximal phalanx, Middle phalanx, Distal phalanx

What are the parts of a phalanx?

Head, Shaft, Base

What is the hip joint?

Connection between the lower limb and the pelvic girdle

What type of joint is the hip joint?

Multiaxial ball-and-socket synovial joint

What is the acetabular labrum?

Fibrocartilaginous rim attached to the margin of the acetabulum that increases the articular area

What is the function of the periarticular muscles of the hip?

Help maintain the structural integrity of the hip joint

Which periarticular muscles contribute to hip joint stability?

Medial rotators of the thigh, Lateral rotators of the thigh

What structures form the hip joint?

Head of the femur, Acetabulum of the hip bone

What ligaments support the hip joint?

Iliofemoral ligament, Pubofemoral ligament, Ischiofemoral ligament, Ligament of the head of the femur

What is the iliofemoral ligament?

Y-shaped intrinsic ligament

What is the location of the iliofemoral ligament?

Reinforces the joint capsule anteriorly and superiorly

What is the function of the iliofemoral ligament?

Prevents hyperextension of the hip during standing

How is the iliofemoral ligament described?

Strongest ligament in the body, Major reinforcement of the hip joint

What is the pubofemoral ligament?

Intrinsic ligament

What is the location of the pubofemoral ligament?

Reinforces the capsule anteriorly and inferiorly

What structure does the pubofemoral ligament blend with?

Medial part of the iliofemoral ligament

What is the function of the pubofemoral ligament?

Prevents overabduction of the hip

What is the ischiofemoral ligament?

Intrinsic ligament

What is the location of the ischiofemoral ligament?

Reinforces the capsule posteriorly

How is the ischiofemoral ligament described?

Weakest of the three intrinsic ligaments

What is the ligament of the head of the femur?

Weak ligament that conducts an artery

Where does the ligament of the head of the femur attach?

Fovea of the head of the femur

What movements occur at the hip joint?

Flexion, Extension, Abduction, Adduction, Medial rotation, Lateral rotation, Circumduction

What arteries supply the hip joint?

Medial circumflex femoral artery, Lateral circumflex femoral artery, Artery of the head of the femur

What is the origin of the medial and lateral circumflex femoral arteries?

Branches of the deep artery of the thigh

What is the origin of the artery of the head of the femur?

Branch of the obturator artery

What is the knee joint?

Largest and most superficial joint

What type of joint is the knee joint?

Hinge-type synovial joint

What provides stability to the knee joint?

Strength and action of surrounding muscles and tendons, Ligaments connecting the femur and tibia

What are the most important stabilizers of the knee joint?

Surrounding muscles and tendons

What articulations form the knee joint?

Femorotibial articulation, Femoropatellar articulation

What forms the femorotibial articulation?

Medial femoral condyle with medial tibial condyle, Lateral femoral condyle with lateral tibial condyle

What forms the femoropatellar articulation?

Patella and femur

What types of ligaments support the knee joint?

Extracapsular ligaments, Intra-articular ligaments

What are the extracapsular ligaments of the knee?

Patellar ligament, Medial patellar retinaculum, Lateral patellar retinaculum, Fibular collateral ligament (FCL), Tibial collateral ligament (TCL), Oblique popliteal ligament, Arcuate popliteal ligament

What is the patellar ligament?

Central portion of the common tendon of the quadriceps femoris

What is the location of the patellar ligament?

Extends from the apex of the patella to the tibial tuberosity

What is the function of the patellar ligament?

Reinforces the joint capsule anteriorly

What are the medial and lateral patellar retinacula?

Medial and lateral aponeurotic extensions of the quadriceps femoris tendon

What is the fibular collateral ligament?

Strong, cord-like intrinsic ligament, Also called the lateral collateral ligament

What is the location of the fibular collateral ligament?

Reinforces the capsule laterally, Extends from the lateral epicondyle of the femur to the lateral surface of the head of the fibula

What separates the fibular collateral ligament from the lateral meniscus?

Popliteus muscle

What is the tibial collateral ligament?

Strong, flat intrinsic ligament, Also called the medial collateral ligament

What is the location of the tibial collateral ligament?

Reinforces the capsule medially, Extends from the medial epicondyle of the femur to the medial condyle and medial superior surface of the tibia

What structure is attached to the tibial collateral ligament?

Medial meniscus

How does the tibial collateral ligament compare with the fibular collateral ligament?

Weaker than the fibular collateral ligament and more commonly damaged

What is the oblique popliteal ligament?

Expansion of the tendon of the semimembranosus muscle

What is the location of the oblique popliteal ligament?

Reinforces the capsule posteriorly, Extends from the medial tibial condyle to the lateral femoral condyle

What is the function of the arcuate popliteal ligament?

Reinforces the capsule posteriorly