Skeletal and Muscular system

Functions of Skeletal system

Framework, Protection, levers/movement, produce blood cells, store calcium

Diaphysis

Shaft of bone

epiphysis

end of bone

spongy bone

contains red marrow

compact bone

hard part of bone

yellow marrow

fat cells

periosteum

Membrane that covers bone, site of new bone growth

Medullary Canal

cavity in diaphysis

Long bone

Longer that wide, supports weight and aids in movement, Tibia, fibia

short bone

cube shaped, stability and movement, ankle and wrist bones

flat

protects internal organs, skull, pelvis, sternum, ribs

irregular

complex shaped, vertebrae

sesamoid

protects tendons, patella

Kyphosis, Lordosis, scoliosis

rounding of upper back (hunch), sway back, s curve

scurvy

lack of vitamin C, caused decreased red blood cells, gum dx

Fractures and dislocation types

Greenstick, closed/simple, open/compound, communited

arthiritis

imflammation of joint

Bursitis

inflammation of bursa (fluid filled sack at joint)

osteomyelitis

backterial infection of bone and muscle

osteoporosis

weaking of bone, causes fractures in elederly

Rickets

Vitamin D deficiency over a long time, soft bones in children

Fracture

Break in bone

Dislocation

The displacement of a bone often from a joint

Compact bone

solid, hard bone

cancellous

spongy part inside compact bone

ossification

when cartilage is replaced by hard deposits of calcium phosphate and stretchy collagen

Axial skeleton

skullm spinal column, ribcage

Appendicular skeleton

arms, legs, shoulder girdle, pelvic girdle

Osteobalst

make new bone, repair damage

Osteocytes

mature bone cells that help form new bone

osteoclasts

break down bone and help to sculpt and shaped it

Calcium

A mineral essential for strong bones and teeth, as well as proper muscle function, nerve signaling, and blood clotting. It is stored mostly in the bones and teeth.

Phosphorus

A mineral that plays a crucial role in the formation of bones and teeth, energy production, and the repair of cells and tissues. It works in tandem with calcium for bone health.

Sodium

An essential mineral that helps regulate fluid balance, nerve function, and muscle contractions in the body. It is a key component of table salt (sodium chloride).

Minerals

Inorganic substances found in nature that are vital for the body’s growth, development, and maintenance. They help with a variety of functions such as bone formation, energy production, and enzyme activity.

Protein

A macronutrient made up of amino acids that is essential for building and repairing tissues, producing enzymes and hormones, and supporting overall growth and function. Proteins are critical for muscles, skin, and other structures.

Collagen

A structural protein that forms the connective tissue in skin, bones, tendons, ligaments, and cartilage. It provides strength, elasticity, and support to tissues.

Diarthrotic

freely moveable

amphiarthrotic

slightly moveable

synarthrotic

immovable

Ball and Socket

shoulder, hip

Hinge

elbow, knee

pivot

ulna/radius, neck

Gliding

wrist, ankle

Fuction of Muscular system

Movement, produce hear and energy, posture, protection

Properties of muscle

Excitability, contractibility, Extensibility, and elasticity

can respond to stimulus

Contractabolity

can become short and thick

extensibility

can extend or stretch

elasticity

returns to original shape

Types of msucle

Cardiac, Smooth, skeletal

Cardiac

(myocardium) heart only, electrical impulse, involuntary

Smooth

internal organs, internal movement, involunatru

skeletal

attached to bone, body movement, voluntary

Tendons

connective tissue, connects muscle to bone

ligaments

connective tissue, connects bone to bone

cartilage

connective tissue that protects bone and joints

muscle fibers

cell that make up muscle bundles

muscle fascia

membrane that covers and protects the muscles

What is body allignement

optimal placement of body parts so that bone and muscles are used efficently

What is ambulation

abilitu to walk around

Benefits of ambulation

improves circulation and muscle tone, preserves lung tissue and airway function, helps promote muscle and joint mobility

Assistive devices

Canes, Crutches, walkers

Canes

Help with balance

Crutches

Used for short-term conditions such as sprained ankle or broken leg

walkers

used after surgery or by elderly to assist with balance and stability

assitive device that does not need upper body strength to support it

Walker

Causes of decubitus ulcers

immobility, rubbing of a cover or clothing on the skin, wrinkled or wadded up sheets, irritation from tubing on or around the body, food crumbs among the bedding

How many stages of decubitus ulcers

four

Stage one

the skin is not open but is discolored

Stage 2

the ulcer is still considered superficial, but the skin is now open

Stage 3

the ulcer is much deeper and may affect the underlying connective tissue

stage 4

the damage is deep and may reach the muscle, tendons, ligaments, joints, and bone

Range of motion exercises are used to promote _____ and _______

Circulation, flexibility

What are the 3 types of ROM excersises

Active range of motion, active assistive range of motion, and passive range of motion.

abduction

moving body part away from midline

adduction

moving body part toward midlline

flexion

decreasing the angle between bones/bending a body part

extension

increasing the angle between bones/straightening (extending) a body part

rotation

turning body part on its own axis

circumduction

moving in a circle at a joint