APUSH - Period 3 (1754-1800): Revolution

French and Indian War/7 Year’s War dates

1754-1763

French and Indian War/ 7 Year’s War

• Great Britain v France v Native American tribes

• France was getting too comfortable in Ohio River Valley which was British land

• Colonists were getting too comfortable in Louisiana and Mississippi River Valley which was French land

• Some Natives sided with Britian, some sided with France

The Albany Congress of 1754

• because Britian was losing the war against France and their Native allies, they tried to get colonists to develop a more organized response and ally with other Native regions

• developed the Albany Plan of Union which was an attempt at a more centralized governement

French and Indian War/ 7 Year’s War results

• British victory with land expansion east of the Mississippi River

• France exchanged Louisiana for Cuba with Spain

• colonists wanting to expand to Ohio River Valley were a large # of Native Americans were

• British debt doubled

Proclamation of 1763

• implemented by British to alleviate tension between Natives and colonists, wanting to keep trade relations

• forbade colonists from taking land in the Ohio River Valley

• frustrated colonists because they fought in the war

Taxation without representation (in Parliment)

• taxation without representation is tyranny/oppressive

• Britian taxing the colonies because of the debt acquired from the 7 Years’ War

• end of the era of Salutary Neglect, which gave colonists the idea they were managing their own affairs while under British rule, largely because of the geographical distance

• Parilament releases stricter Navigation Act (which the colonies were kinda of not following, and Britian turned a blind eye to before)

• Quartering Act of 1765, even though the war was over, troops would remain in the colonies to enforce the new rules and the colonists had to feed and house them

• Sugar Act, which was a stronger enforcement of the molasses tax & Stamp Act, tax on all paper items e.g. newspaper, playing cards, contracts, etc

Virtual Representation

the argument Britian made against the colonists’ taxation without representation claim saying Parliment represented classes, not locality

Sons of Liberty/Daughter of Liberty

• groups that dedicated themselves to repealing the Stamp Act

• assembled in New York for the Stamp Act Congress

• parilament ends up repealing Stamp Act and Sugar Act but passes Declatory Act saying they can pass any law they want

Townshend Act

taxing goods coming to colonies and colonists did not like this

Colonists protest/boycott

• boycotting British goods, nation relied on women for this because they were the main ones purchasing household goods

• as a result, women decided to start making their own things

Boston Massacre, 1770

• Boston men began harrassing groups of British soliders there from the Quartering Act

• unclear on who fired the first shoot, but led to fighting

Boston Tea Party, 1773

• response to the Tea Act 1773, gave British East Indian Company means to buy and ship tea in the colonies

• colonists dressed as Native Americans and dumped 45 tons of British tea into Harbor waters

• Intolerable Acts included: Parilament passed Coercive Acts, closed down the Boston habor until all the tea was paid for and a new Quartering Act

patriots

people against supposed British tyranny

Continental Congress

meeting held about the oppressive rule of the British, but they wanted to remain British subjects, no ideas of Independence yet

Enlightenment

• believing in natural rights, all human beings are born with rights by God and the government can’t take that away

• wanted a social contract between the government and the people that the power to governor is within the people, and if a government encroached on natural rights, it was the duty if the colonists to overthrow them

Separation of powers

allowing governmental branches of govern to check each other

Thomas Paine, Common Sense

argues that Americ logically needs independence from Britian, alluded to the bible and enlightenment concepts

National opinion about the Revolution

• Elites were convinced about independence, many of the majority population were not

• after common sense, and the Spring of 1776, people were more convinced about Independence

Who wrote the Declaration of Independence?

Thomas Jefferson

Declaration of Independence

• backed on thoughts about Enlightenment

• says “life, liberty, and the pursuit of happyness”

loyalists

considerable group in terms of size who wanted to reamin under Britian

Revolutionary War before

• established Continental army

• led by George Washington

• colonies suffer big loss at the beginning

Revolutionary War dates

1775-1783

Battle of Saratoga

American win that influences the French to ally with the US and Britian surrenders after the Battle of Yorktown

Articles of Confederation

• the US’s first Constitution

• establishes sovereignty among the 13 states

• no president

government before the war

states governored their own colonies and put the power in the legislative, law-making, body

Northwest Ordinance 1787

Shay’s Rebellion

• an uprising of angry farmers who were quickly defeated, but showed weakness in the Articles of Confederation

• who would they call when more angry farmers started rebelling

Constitutional Convention

• original purpose to revise the Articles of Confederation, but they decided they needed a new consitution

• Federalists vs Anti-Federalists

• new Consitution was made split into three branches, judicial, legislative, and executive

Federalists

urban folks who wanted a more centralized governent

Anti-Federalists

wanted more power to the states

The Great Compromise

• The new Constitution says: House of Representatives, states are represented my population and Senate, states would have two votes per state

• came about because there was debate about whether or not slaves were counted in population

• 3/5 compromise, slaves were counted in states and then multiplied by 3/5, and counted for 3/5 of the population

Federalists papers

persuasive essays published in 1787 and 1788, written by federalists, Alexander Hamilton, James Jay, James Madison to convince the public the ratify the constitution

Bill of Rights

• first ten Amendments of the Constitution

• to ease the Anti-Federalists, guaranteed fundamental rights and liberties to the people and limited the power of the federal government

Republican motherhood

• desire to have a distinct American culture after the war

• women could be influence politics by raising their sons to be virtuous and full of liberty, but not voting themselves

George Washington

• first president

• John Adams vice president

Elastic Clause of Constitution

• imposed by Hamilton

• wanted a National Bank, but there were critics who said the Constitution had no provision for a national bank

• says Congress has the right to make any law that is ‘necessary and proper’ to carry out other duties

• Hamilton argues since Congress is responsible for taxation, so a bank was necessary, bank was made, Anti-Federalist mad

Democratic-Republicans

• 1790s to 1820s

• opposed the Federalist, advocated for a more decentralized government, state rights, and an agrarian economy, opposed National Bank, supported France after Revolutionary war and didn’t like Britian

• Thomas Jefferson & James Madison

Washington’s Farewell Address

• Washington decided not to run for a third term

• cautioned the nation against the formation of political parties

• didn’t want to get into foreign tensions, especially European alliances

John Adams as president

• in the midst of the French-European war

• Adams wanted to remain neutral but the French often tampered with American ships

• XYZ affair was set up to make peace with France, but the representatives of France at this affair (recognized as X, Y, Z) demanded a bribe

Alien and Sedition Acts

• Alien Acts, made it legal and easy to deport any non-citizen, aimed at the growing Irish and Scottish immigrants who opposed Federalist sympathy for Britian

• Sedition Act, made it illegal to criticize the government publically

Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions

• Democrat-Republicans did not like the Alien and Sedition, saying it was federal overreach

• argued that any law passed by the Constitution that is blatantly unlawful (like the Alien and Sedition acts) can be nullified (invalidated) by the states

Pinckney Treaty

decided where the boarder was between Spain and the US

Indian Trade and Intercourse Act

• to regulate trade with Natives

• ignored by settlers as they continued moving west, into the Natives land which caused growing tensions

Black people during this time

• North had rapid population growth of freed slaves

• in the New Jersey, freed black men with land had the right to vote

• made the African Methodist Episcopal Church

• slaves in the South growing rapidly in number

• in South, legislation made it impossible to free slaves

• people start moving west with their slaves which caused issues