PRACTICAL RESEARCH MAPEPERFECT LORD HELP 100/100

QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

It encompasses studies about how an individual considers a particular experience and how he/she reflects on it.

Technical and utility Competency, Patience, Service, Effort, Guts and Risk, Care

Qualities of a good qualitative inquirer

Technical Competency

The ability to use available technologies

Utility Competency

The ability to troubleshoot during unexpected scenario

Patience

intra (within) and extra (outside) group.

Service

Willingness of the researcher to serve others.

Effort

Time and Skill

Guts and Risk

Considering options

Care

distinct characteristic of a researcher

Postpositivist

Dwells to the idea that everything should be quantified to produce meaningful concrete results

➢ Constructivists

Experience expressed through words can paint a better picture of a certain phenomena

➢ Transformative

Focuses to the idea that researches should be conducted to increase quality of life and produce better societies

➢ Pragmatic

Promotes the use of both qualitative and quantitative data in expressing research findings.

Conceptualization Phase

is where the topic is identified

Design Phase

is also known as the "Planning Phase" where researchers decide on the detailed procedures in gathering and analyzing data

Empirical Phase

is the actual conduction of data gathering and collection. Respondents are also called "Key Informants" or sometimes, "Co-Researchers".

Analytical Phase

is the most challenging phase of the research process. Here, preparing and assessing data through the use of several tools and even the researchers' own understanding

Dissemination Phase

is the most valuable but often neglected by the researchers. Research results in the form of well-written full research manuscripts are advised to be shared

METHOD

Question: WHAT DATA WILL BE GATHERED; Types: Historical. Descriptive, Experimental

TECHNIQUE

Question: HOW DATA WILL BE GATHERED; Types: Survey, Doodling, Interview

APPROACH

Question: HOW DATA WILL BE PROCESSED; Types: Qualitative, Quantitative, Mixed

Narrative Research

Design of inquiry in which the researcher studies the lives of individuals and asks one or more individuals about a phenomenon.

Phenomenological Research

Design of inquiry in which the researcher describes the lived experiences of individuals about a phenomenon.

Ethnography

researchers studies the shared pattern of behaviour, languages, and actions of an intact cultural group in a natural setting over prolonged period of time.

Case studies

researcher studies an in-depth analysis of a case, often a program, event, activity, process or one or more individuals.

Grounded Theory

researcher derives a general abstract theory of process, action or interaction grounded in the views of the participants.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This section also ensures that the study has undergone scientific process and that the tools utilized in the study are valid and reliable.

RESEARCH DESIGN

Discusses the approach (quali/quanti) and design (phenomenology, experimental, descriptive, etc)

RESEARCH LOCALE

Description of the geographical characteristic of the place of study. State the reasons why the specific setting was chosen.

POPULATION AND SAMPLING/KEY INFORMANT SELECTION

Description of the demographic characteristics of the participants in the study. Explanation of the population and sampling procedures should also be discussed: the number of respondents, profile of the respondents and Sampling technique used.

RESEARCH ETHICS

the researcher can attest that the study was conducted with consideration to the rights of the human subjects

RESEARCH INSTRUMENTS

is a tool used to collect, measure, and analyze data related to your research interests

DATA COLLECTION

The step-by-step process must be explained comprehensively by the researchers

Data Analysis

This subsection explains how data will be analyzed.

Sampling

process of selecting the sample or a portion of the population

Population

consists of all the members of the group about which the researchers want to draw a conclusion.

Sample

a portion or part of the population of interest selected for analysis; subset of the population elements

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

NON-RANDOM SAMPLING

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

RANDOM SAMPLING

NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

There is a form of bias in the selection of samples. There is no assurance that each element in the population has the same equal chance of being selected as a sample. The findings are limited to the sample

PROBABILITY SAMPLING

There is a random selection of samples. The findings can be generalized to the population.

4 TYPES OF NON-PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Convenience/Accidental, Purposive/Judgemental, Quota, Snowball Sampling

4 TYPES OF PROBABILITY SAMPLING

Simple Random Sampling, Systematic Sampling, Stratified Sampling, Cluster Sampling/Multi-Stage Sampling

CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

selection of the samples based on the convenience of the researcher. also called accidental sampling

PURPOSIVE SAMPLING

the selection of the sample is based on the selective judgment of the researcher. Also called as judgmental sampling.

QUOTA SAMPLING

the researcher identifies population sections or strata and decides how many participants are required from each section.

SNOWBALL SAMPLING

a technique wherein initial sample members are asked to refer other people who meet the criteria required by the researcher

Simple random sampling

most basic probability sampling technique. Selection of samples is purely based on chance and each member of the population has an equal chance

Systematic sampling

a process of selecting the kth element in the population until the desired number of samples is attained.

SAMPLING INTERVAL

standard distance between element chosen for the sample

Stratified sampling

the population is divided into subgroups or strata. After the stratification, an appropriate number of elements are selected from each stratum randomly

Cluster sampling

is a method of selecting clusters from a population that is large and widely dispersed over a wide geographical area. Also known as multi-stage sampling

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

is a summary of the state of existing knowledge on a research problem or topic.

Primary Sources

These refer to the description of studies written by the researchers themselves.

Secondary Sources

there refer to the description of studies written by someone else, other than the researcher who conducted them

RESEARCH LITERATURE

these are empirically-based, like scientific paper, theses, and dissertations, both published and unpublished, coming from local and foreign sources.

CONCEPTUAL LITERATURE

it contains foreign and/or local literature coming from books relevant to the study, but are data-free or non-empirical material.

INTERVIEW

It is a type of data gathering technique or verbal inquiry wherein the researcher verbally asks the subjects on what they think or feel about a certain topic. Usually used in a qualitative approach to research

STRUCTURED INTERVIEW

This type verbally administers a list of predetermined open-ended questions, wherein the respondents must choose among the given set of answers prepared by the researcher.

UNSTRUCTURED INTERVIEW

In this type of interview, the respondents are asked to answer the questions based on how they feel and think about a certain topic. There are no predetermined questions nor suggested answers.

SEMI-STRUCTURED INTERVIEW

Combines the characteristics of unstructured and structured type of interview. This consists of predetermined questions and at the same time, this type allows the respondent to freely answer the questions

INDIVIDUAL INTERVIEW

It is a one on one interview between the respondent and the researcher. This type is often used upon the request of the respondent that does not want other interviewees to hear. TIME-CONSUMING

GROUP INTERVIEW

It is also known as Focus Group Discussion. This type of interview involves interviewing a group of respondents at the same time.

Focused Group Discussions (FGD)

which involves a moderator leading a discussion between a small group of respondents on a specific topic.

MEDIATED INTERVIEW

It refers to online interview or a type of interview that uses a computer. It isusually done through social media.

TELEPHONE INTERVIEW

the information collected from the respondent by asking him questions on the phone

Result

Data analysis of qualitative data is a matter of describing, summarizing, and interpreting data obtained from respondents

TRANSCRIPTION

is a translation between forms of data, most commonly to convert audio recordings to text in qualitative research.

Verbatim transcription

is the art of converting spoken word into text such that a message is captured exactly the way it has been spoken

verbatim transcription

would also include pauses and non-verbal utterances or fillers such as "umm", throat clearing, laughter, silence,

Non-Verbatim transcription

includes all the fundamental meaning behind the spoken statements. Other factors are eliminated. The transcriptionist does not include filler words

CUTTING & SORTING

identify quotes or expressions that seem somehow important and then arrange quotes/expressions into piles of answers that go together.

WORD LIST & KEYWORDS IN CONTEXT

identifying unique words in text and then counting the number of times each occurs.

WORD CO-OCCURRENCE

counting of 2 or more words that emerge together under several contexts

REPETITION

identification of recurring regularities.

INDIGENOUS TYPOLOGIE/CATEGORIES

identification of local terms that may sound unfamiliar or are used in an unfamiliar way.

METAPHORS and ANALOGIES

identification of people's unique ways of representing their thoughts, behaviors, and experiences.

SIMILARITIES & DIFFERENCES

searching for similarities and differences.

LINGUISTIC CONNECTORS

looking for words and phrases that indicate causal relations, conditional relations, attributes, comparisons, etc.

MISSING DATA

being alert to topics that subjects intentionally or unintentionally avoid.

THEORY-RELATED MATERIAL

involves examining the setting and context, the perspectives of informants and their ways of thinking about people, objects, events.

CODING

requires the researcher to assign a code to extract significant statements from the field text.

CLUSTERING/CATEGORIZING

extracted data are converted to manageable units. Here, extracted significant statements which are similar are put together.

THEME

an abstract entity that brings meaning and identity to a recurrent experience.

Apriori

Investigator's prior theoretical understanding of the phenomenon under study.

Inductive

Involves the identification of themes based on the gathered data

CONCLUSIONS

This section focuses on the summary of findings after obtaining the data necessary for this study

RECOMMENDATIONS

Corresponding suggestions based on the results which came up after conducting a series of data presentation, interpretation, and analysis of data.

FRED KERLINGER

"There is no such thing as qualitative data, everything is either 1 or 0,"

DONALD CAMBELL

"All research ultimately has a qualitative grounding"

American Psychological Association

APA

Modern Languange Association

MLA

DISCOVERY

totally new or novel idea or explanation emerges and may revolutionize thinking

INVENTION

here a new technique or method is created.

REFLECTION

where existing theory, technique, or group of ideas is re-examined in a different organisational or social context.

APPLIED/PRACTICAL RESEARCH

applying an existing principle or theory with specific purpose of improving human condition.

EVALUATION/ASSESSMENT RESEARCH

find out the worth, merit or quality of a certain object, program or project

ORIENTATIONAL RESEARCH

done for the purpose of advancing on ideological position

ACTION RESEARCH

based on the concept "action is both an outcome and a part of research"