SCIENCE

What hormones do the thyroid gland produce to regulate metabolism?

T4 (thyroxine) and T3 (triiodothyronine) are produced by the thyroid gland.

What happens in hypothyroidism?

Hypothyroidism slows metabolism, leading to fatigue, weight gain, and cold intolerance.

What is the function of adrenaline?

Adrenaline prepares the body for 'fight or flight' by increasing heart rate, blood pressure, and energy availability.

What is the role of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis?

The HPA axis is involved in the production of cortisol.

Where does fertilization typically occur?

Fertilization typically occurs in the fallopian tube.

What are the four phases of the menstrual cycle?

Menstrual, Follicular, Ovulation, Luteal.

What hormone triggers ovulation?

Luteinizing hormone (LH) triggers ovulation.

What is the primary role of progesterone in the menstrual cycle?

Progesterone prepares the uterine lining for implantation.

What does the nervous system do to maintain homeostasis?

It integrates sensory input and signals effectors to maintain stability.

What is the central dogma of molecular biology?

DNA → RNA → Protein.

What are point mutations?

Point mutations are changes in a single nucleotide in the DNA sequence.

What is the primary cause of antibiotic resistance?

Mutations in target genes lead to antibiotic resistance.

What is the main consequence of UV radiation on DNA?

UV radiation damages DNA by forming pyrimidine dimers.

What process involves the synthesis of RNA primers?

DNA primase synthesizes RNA primers.

What are homologous structures?

Similar structures in different species due to common ancestry.

What are the types of RNA?

mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA.

What is the effect of chronic stress on the body?

Prolonged stress elevates cortisol, impacting the immune system and mental health.

What does the process of DNA replication involve?

Involves unwinding DNA, synthesizing new strands, and joining fragments.

What hormone is responsible for thickening the uterine lining during pregnancy?

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) thickens the uterine lining.

What is a frameshift mutation?

A frameshift mutation occurs when nucleotides are inserted or deleted, altering the reading frame.

What is the importance of complementary base pairing?

Ensures accurate replication and transcription of DNA.

What occurs during ovulation?

An egg is released from the ovary during ovulation.

What stage follows fertilization in embryological development?

Following fertilization, the blastocyst stage occurs.

What are the effects of mutations on protein function?

Mutations can range from having no effect to causing significant changes, including disease.

What triggers menstruation?

A drop in progesterone levels triggers menstruation.

What role does FSH play in females?

FSH stimulates the maturation of eggs in females.

What are the main roles of the pancreas hormones insulin and glucagon?

Insulin lowers blood sugar, while glucagon raises blood sugar.

How do homologous structures provide evidence for evolution?

They indicate shared ancestry among different species.

What is the role of cilia in the female reproductive system?

Cilia help move the egg along the fallopian tube toward the uterus.

What are the three stages of embryonic development?

Blastocyst, embryo, and fetus.

How does progesterone support pregnancy?

It supports the uterine lining and early stages of pregnancy.

What is the role of ribosomal RNA (rRNA)?

rRNA forms the core of ribosomes and catalyzes peptide bond formation.

What is a common mutation that leads to sickle cell anemia?

A point mutation in the hemoglobin gene causes sickle cell anemia.

What are the effects of high levels of cortisol due to chronic stress?

Negative impacts on the immune system, metabolism, and mental health.

What does transcription convert?

Transcription converts DNA sequences into messenger RNA (mRNA).

What is the significance of mutations in evolution?

Mutations contribute to genetic diversity and can lead to evolutionary changes.

What are the hormones involved in male puberty?

Testosterone, FSH, LH, and DHT are involved in male puberty.

What is the primary function of tRNA?

tRNA transports amino acids to ribosomes for protein synthesis.

What are cyclobutane pyrimidine dimers?

Lesions formed by UV radiation that lead to replication errors.

What is the consequence of improper DNA repair mechanisms?

Improper DNA repair can lead to mutations and potentially cancer.

What processes make up the flow of information in the central dogma?

Replication, transcription, and translation.

What can cause irregular menstrual periods?

Hormonal changes, stress, lifestyle factors, and medical conditions can cause irregular cycles.

What is the relationship between mutations and base pairing?

Mutations can arise from errors in base pairing during replication.

What are the three types of mutations?

Insertions, deletions, and point mutations.

What role does estrogen play during pregnancy?

Estrogen promotes fetal growth and prepares the breasts for lactation.