APUSH Exam Review - TP 5 (CIVIL WAR)

1844-1877; includes westward expansion/manifest destiny, civil war, and reconstruction; Tyler, Polk, Taylor, Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln, Johnson, Grant, and Hayes

What is the span of the “Civil War” period (TP 5)?

1844-1877

Manifest destiny

The idea that it was “fated” by God for the US to occupy the western land (from sea to shining sea)

It was first used to support the annexation of Texas, and later used to justify Western expansion

Webster Ashburton Treaty

The territory of Maine was divided between the United States and British Canada and the border of Minnesota territory was recognized

James K Polk

Expansionist southerner elected for president

After Polk was elected, Tyler pushed the annexation of Texas

Supported the Mexican War

Annexation of Texas

Gained after Texas got independence from Mexico

Texas had declared independence in 1836 as the Lone Star Republic, but struggled with both Mexican threats and economic instability

Tyler pushed for it, but for about a decade it was blocked, mainly due to sectional controversy over slavery

Tyler bypassed Senate approval and persuaded both houses of Congress to pass a joint resolution instead

Acquisition of Oregon

Gotten from Spain and Britain after the Adams-Onis Treaty

Caused an Oregon fever, and many people traveled over 2000 miles on the Oregon Trail to settle in the Oregon territory

There were some conflicts with British settlers in the Oregon territory

It was eventually negotiated that the organ territory would be divided at the 49th parallel

Mexican-American War

Zachary Taylor and 4000 men marched from the Nueces River to the Rio Grande, settling provocatively near Mexican troops

Allegedly, a Mexican soldier fired upon one of the US troops, so Polk convinced Congress to declare war on Mexico

Or support the strongest in the south and west and opposition was strongest in New England and among farmers who saw the war as immoral and unconstitutional. It was also opposed by abolitionists who feared the spread of slavery

General Santa Anna

Mexican general who launched a bold defense against General Zachary Taylor

He nearly succeeded at the battle of Buena Vista

Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo (Mexican Cession)

Ended the Mexican American war

Stated that Mexico would recognize Rio Grande as the southern border of Texas and the United States would take possession of California and New Mexico (Mexican cession) for $15 million

Spot Resolution

A speech by Lincoln that called into question who actually instigated the Mexican-American war and questioned whether the war was worth it

Starting point of Lincoln’s climb to fame

Gadsden Purchase

The United States purchased a chunk of semi desert land in the American southwest from Mexico to be used for a railroad

Currently forms the southern sections of Arizona and New Mexico

“Fifty-four forty or fight!”

Slogan used by the Democratic Party to appeal to Americans, who wanted to expand the nation to include all of the Oregon territory and not compromise with the British

Fifty-four forty was the line of latitude between Oregon and Alaska

Wilmot Proviso

1846

proposal to prohibit slavery and land acquired from Mexico

Passed through the House twice but was defeated by southern senators both times

Free Soil Party

Political party formed to oppose slavery and land from the Mexican war

Nominated Van Buren for president with Charles Francis Adams

Wanted to stop expansion of slavery, not abolish it

Henry Clay (he’s still here)

Kentucky politician who wanted to ship African Americans back to Africa

He was the one responsible for the American system and the compromise of 1850

Compromise of 1850

Planned by Henry Clay to admit California as a free state but increase strength of fugitive slave, law and delay slave status of Utah and New Mexico

It was opposed by John C. Calhoun and William H Seward. Daniel Webster and Millard Fillmore supported it. Fillmore, who was president at the time was the reason that the compromise was adopted.

Fugitive Slave Act

Gave the federal government authority to handle runaway slaves

Opposed by the north

1852 election

Franklin Pierce (democrat) versus Winfield Scott (Whig)

It settled the compromise and settled slavery controversy

Popular sovereignty

Allowed settlers in a territory to decide slavery rules for themselves

Put off the decision on slave versus free states

Kansas-Nebraska Act

Law that allowed territories north of the Missouri border to decide slavery for themselves

It divided the Democratic Party and ended the Whig party. Half of the Democrats and remaining whigs combined to form the Republican Party.

Know-Nothing Party

A nativist anti-Catholic party against German and Irish immigration that evolved to be anti-slavery and anti-liquor

Their only president was Millard Fillmore

Bleeding Kansas

Violence between pro-slavery and anti-slavery in Kansas after the Kansas Nebraska act

1856 election

Fremont (republican) versus Buchanan (democrat)

Fremont won the north, but Buchanan dominated the south

showed how political parties had been divided sectionally

Dred Scott v Sandford

Scott was a slave who traveled with his master to the free state of Wisconsin. Upon returning to his home, he sued for his freedom since he lived in Wisconsin.

Chief Justice Roger Taney ruled that Congress couldn’t prohibit slavery and that African-Americans could not be citizens, so Scott was still a slave

It essentially declared the Republican idea of restricting slavery as unconstitutional and undermined popular sovereignty

Nativism

Anti-immigrant and often anti-Catholic ideology

Mainly focused on Irish and German immigrants

John C Calhoun (he’s still here)

Pretty much the leader of the south and the top defender of slavery

Claimed slavery was a “positive good” and really promoted the idea that the plantation owners were the caretakers of their slaves

Very influential towards succession

Abolition books

Uncle Tom’s Cabin (Harriet Beecher Stowe): Used emotional appeals to readers like stories of families being separated and the horror of slave auctions to heighten northern support for abolition; it escalated sectional conflict

Impending Crisis of the South (Hinton Helper): used statistics to try to prove that non-slave holding whites were hurt the most by slavery. This made wealthy southerners afraid that poor whites would end their support of slavery, but the book did not really influence them.

William Lloyd Garrison

He was a radical abolitionist and considered the abolition movement’s propagandist

He published a newspaper called the Liberator and burned the constitution to advocate for anti-slavery and call to light the unconstitutionality of slavery

Frederick Douglass

Famous runaway slave and abolitionist who wrote his experience and mused over the hypocrisy of freedom.

This brought attention to the cruelty of slavery and strengthened the abolitionist movement.

Abraham Lincoln

A lawyer from Illinois who was Whig

Served four terms in the state legislature and one term in Congress

He was critical of slavery and eventually became republican

Lincoln-Douglas debates

Between Republican Lincoln and Democratic Stephen Douglas

Debate over slavery in new territories

Lincoln opposed slavery and Douglas supported self-government and self-determination regarding slavery

John Brown at Harpers Ferry

Brown was an abolitionist who used violence to try to make a change

He murdered pro slavery settlers and attacked others

In Virginia, he and some of his followers seized Harper’s Ferry, but he ultimately failed and was defeated by Robert E Lee

Brown became a martyr for the abolitionist movement

Election of 1860

Republicans chose Lincoln, but the north and south Democrats couldn’t agree on a candidate.

It came down to Lincoln versus Douglas and Lincoln won

It was a very sectional election

Secession

The south was very afraid of anti-slavery sentiment since Lincoln won

They promoted breaking away from the union and forming their own government

South Carolina was the first to secede in December 1960

Crittenden compromise

It guaranteed the future of slavery and extended the Missouri compromise

Both the south and Lincoln rejected the compromise

Too little too late for the south

Confederate States of America

Based on the US government, but guaranteed slave property rights in old and new territory

Jefferson Davis

Confederacy leader who wanted to preserve slavery and keep the south separate from the north

Six year term

Led the push for succession and controlled the southern war effort from behind the front lines, but fought with his vice president on the ideals of the South

Fort Sumter

The first battle of the Civil War in Charleston, South Carolina

The northern fort was captured by southern forces and the south fired the first shot

Union States

California, Connecticut, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Maine, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Oregon, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, Vermont, West Virginia, and Wisconsin

States in Confederacy

Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Texas, and Virginia

Border states (technically still Union)

Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, and Missouri

Union women in the war

They cleaned, cooked, nursed, sewed uniforms, and even spied sometimes

Confederate women in the war

They cooked, nursed, sewed uniforms, and even spied sometimes.

many wives were left in charge of plantations while their husbands fought

Union Advantages

Had most of the nations economy, including 85% of factories, 70% of railroads and 65% of farmland

They had clerks and bookkeepers who were able to help with logistics

Lincoln used unprecedented acts of power

Strong central government

Politicians had a strong central base

Higher population

Confederacy advantages

Home court advantage, meaning they only had to defend, not attack

They didn’t have to move troops or supplies as far

There was a long indented coastline, which was hard to attack

They had experienced leaders and high morale

Emancipation proclamation

A speech by Lincoln that freed slaves, but only in states in open rebellion (i.e. not border states)

Only freed one percent of slaves immediately, but enlarged the purpose of the war and authorized the use of freed slaves as union soldiers

Sherman’s March to the sea

General William Tecumseh Sherman led a force of 100,000 from Chattanooga to Georgia, burning fields, barns, houses, and anything the South might need to prosper.

It eventually captured Atlanta and moved to Columbia, South Carolina

It broke the spirit of the confederacy and strangled its will to continue fighting

Anaconda plan

Using the navy to blockade southern ports and cut off essential supplies from reaching the Confederacy

Created by Winfield Scott, it made it easier to conquer Richmond. It severely weakened in the south, giving the north the upper hand.

Turning points in the war

-Vicksburg: union soldiers overtook the city of Vicksburg, taking control of the Mississippi river and blocking access to Texas, Louisiana, and Arkansas

-Gettysburg: a rash offensive by Lee resulted in a huge loss of soldiers for the south

-Lee formerly surrendered at Appomattox Courthouse, VA, signaling the end of the war

Wade Davis Bill

Radical Republicans’ plan to require a loyalty oath, abolition of slavery, payment of war debts and denial of political rights to confederate officials

“Forty acres and a mule”

Former slaves would receive 40 acres of land and a broken mule from the army

Created by General William T Sherman

The promise of economic independence did not come true

Freedmen’s Bureau

Reconstruction agency established to protect the legal rights of former slaves and to provide them with education, jobs, healthcare, and land ownership

It established almost 3000 schools from 1865 through 1870, and expanded federal power socially

Sharecropping

Landless workers farmed land in exchange for farm supplies in a share of the crop

Each African-American family rented a part of the plantation in exchange for work

Andrew Johnson

Succeeded Lincoln after he was assassinated

Very racist, and very supportive of the south; he pardoned most white Southerners who took an oath of allegiance

He appointed provisional governors to call state conventions, elected by whites alone to establish a loyal government, which the Republicans did not like

He basically undid all of the Reconstruction reforms

Black codes

laws passed to restrict the rights of African-Americans in southern states

Granted rights of marriage, ownership of property, and limited access to court, but denied them rights to testify against whites, serve on juries, or vote.

They were eventually nullified by civil rights act and 14th amendment

Radical Republicans

against Johnson and called for the dissolution of the new southern governments

They were strong components of full equality, including the right to vote, and included members like Charles Sumner and Thaddeus Stevens

Civil Rights bill of 1866

Guaranteed rights of citizenship to former slaves

vetoed by Johnson; Congress overrode the veto, and it was passed in April 1866

First major law to be passed over a presidential veto

Thirteenth Amendment

Formally abolished slavery

Fourteenth Amendment

Guaranteed rates of citizenship to former slaves and established birthright citizenship principle

Fifteenth Amendment

Prohibited states from discriminating against voting privileges based on race, but didn’t apply to women

Reconstruction act

1867 law that required the southern states except Tennessee to ratify the 14th amendment by establishing temporary military governments

Radical Reconstruction

Period of radical changes to give more rights to freed slaves through force

lasted until 1877

Tenure of Office Act

Required the president to obtain Senate approval to remove any official whose appointment had also required Senate approval

Johnson violated this law by firing Secretary of War Edwin Stanton, a radical ally

Johnson’s impeachment

Johnson was charged with high crimes and misdemeanors and was considered a failure as a president

He was convicted 35 to 19, which was one vote short of the 2/3 majority needed to remove him from office

carpetbaggers vs scalawags

Carpetbaggers were northern immigrants who participated in Republican governments in the reconstruction south; the name implied that they had packed up all their belongings in a suitcase to gain political benefits of the south

Scalawags were southern white Republicans who supported reconstruction government and were scorned by the confederates

Ku Klux Klan

A group that terrorized former slaves who voted and held office as well as other Republicans

Formed in Tennessee in 1866 and we were considered the “military arm of the Democratic Party”

It re-emerged in the early 1920s and the 50s and 60s

Colfax, Louisiana

Armed white attack attacked the city of Colfax with a Cannon

Many former slaves were murdered, including a black militia of 50 members after they surrendered

Enforcement Acts

Outlaw terrorist groups and allowed the president to deploy the army to enforce it

Grant sent federal troops south to arrest klansmen and eventually temporarily eliminated them

Civil Rights Act of 1875

The last piece of reconstruction legislation that outlawed racial discrimination in public places like theaters and hotels

Slaughterhouse cases and US v. Cruikshank

Cases that undid some of the stuff in reconstruction

Slaughterhouse: the justices ruled that the 14th Amendment hadn’t changed traditional federalism

Cruikshank: gutted the Enforcement Act and sided with those who carried out the violence in Colfax; stated that some of the legislation applied to the federal government, but not state or private citizens

Election of 1876

Rutherford B Hayes (republican) versus Samuel J Tilden (democrat)

Whoever won South Carolina, Florida, and Louisiana would win the election

Congress appointed a 15-member electoral commission where the Republicans had a majority

Bargain (Compromise) of 1877

Hayes would be president if he withdrew federal troops from the south

Formal end to reconstruction