4.6-Internal and External challenges to State Power

Empire expansion and growth was not always easy or peaceful

Social, political, and economic groups resisted state expansion in many different ways. Sometimes, this would be seen with civil revolts within state/home of the empire, others happened within colonies

Portugal wants colonies

Portugal was not a colonizer at first, rather than establishing large, elaborate colonies, they established trading posts. By the 17th century, now they want colonies. Dutch conquered Malacca in 1640, England has already claimed most of India (Outside of Goa) so they look to Africa

Portugal looks to Africa for colony

Portugal had trading posts in Africa since the 15th century, had been conducting slave raids for centuries by this point. In 1575, Portuguese establish a colony in modern-day Angola, one of these neighboring African Kingdoms was Ndongo

Ana Nzinga

Becomes Queen of Ndongo

Ndongo is in need of protection

Portuguese slave raids, under attack from other African peoples.

Peace between Ndongo and Portugal doesn’t last

Portugal continues to conduct slave raids, Nzinga breaks with Portugal and establishes the new kingdom of Matamba, incites rebellion in Ndongo. Allies Matamba with the Dutch, offers freedom to slaves who make it to Matamba

Russia Serfdom

Overtime, demand for grain increased. Nobles put harsher conditions on serfs. Mongols/Russian Princes/ etc. had long collected heavy tribute and tax from peasants, as a result, peasant debts grew, peasants lost their lands, and they were forced into serfdom. As Russia expanded, serfdom went with it

Russia Vs. Europe

1574- Elizabeth I frees serf while in 1640 Russian law binds serfs to land they are born. Service ensured to landowners

Mira

Village communes of poor peasants, allocated land for serf to work

Cossacks

Skilled peasant fighters who lived to the SW of Moscow, skilled fighters, many were runaway serfs, influenced by Mongols-semi nomadic, often at odd with tsar but could be hired to help defend Russia

Cosssack Rebellion

The Cossacks rebelled several time, most time it was because the state tried to exert control over them. Only need to know Pugachev’s Rebellion

Pugachev’s Rebellion

Yemelyan Pugachev’s launches peasant revolt against Catherine the Great, Sarina gave nobility even more power over serfs in exchange for loyalty. Serfs now have no ties to state, gathered following of angry peasants, minority ethnic groups, and cossacks

Pugachev’s Rebellion ends

At one point, Pugachev. Controlled land from Volga River to Ural Mountains. By 1775, Pugachev’s is captured and executed; As a result, Catherine increases oppression of peasants to deter revolts. Allies more closely to nobility for support in future revolts

Resistance to the Mughals

16th-17th centuries: Mughals control most of India and Pakistani, different religion led to conflicts

Pueblo Revolts against Spain

By 1598 New Spain stretched into modern New Mexico, Spanish governors began to exact tribute, Franciscans missionaries began to attempt to convert the Pueblo people to Christianity, disease and famine ravaged Pueblo population, Pope (Pueblo Shaman) preached that Pueblo could restore prosperity and freedom by kicking out Christians and Spanish, message of native arrival

Pueblo Revolt

17,000 Pueblos rose up in rebellion, conquered Santeria Fe, killed 400 Spanish, ended eight decades of Spanish rule

Recon quest of Pueblo

Pueblo unity quickly collapses, Spanish reclaim New Mexico

Aftermath of Pueblo Revolts

Spanish makes concessions, GOvernor bans encomienda system, public defenders appointed to defend Pueblo legal rights, allowed Pueblo religious ceremonies to continue

French Absolutism Hits a roadblock

In 1642 Cardinal Richelieu who had overseen most of France’s centralization and growing absolutism died, it weakened power of nobility and Parliment. In 1643, Louis XIII dies, and Louis XIV becomes king at the age of 4. France enters a period of uncertainty

The Fronde

French Nobility revolts, nobility revolts against Louis XIV and cardinal mazarin, goal of limiting the growing absolutist power of the monarch, ends in a clear victory for the monarch, nobles put in exile, parliament is forbidden from interfering with Royal duties

Impact of teh Fronde

Last challenge to King’s power until 1789, nobility seen as selfish and power hungry, shows parliament to be ineffective and weak. Major impact on Louis XIV, encouraged him to move capital to Versailles, reinforces his belief in absolute authority

English colonization and Jamaican Maroons

1655-Englands defeats the Spanish and colonizes Jamaica, Maroons formed independent settlements, Queen Nanny united Jamaican Maroons, Nanny town located deep in Jamaican mountains thrived as a farming town, conducted raids on plantation

Maroon

Africans who escaped slavery

Maroon Wars

Two wars, Maroons used Guerilla tactics to raid and ambush English. Several treaties, Maroon won right to freedom and self-governance

Slave revolts outside of Jamaica

Slave revolts were common everywhere, especially places with more Africans than Europeans

Gloucester County Rebellion

Virginia 1663, African slaves and white indentured servants planned to gather arms, march on the governor’s mansion, and demand their freedom, but one servant betrayed the group and turned them in. Awarded his freedom and 5,000 pounds of tobacco. First slave revolts in modern US, precursor for later revolts, Europe moved away from indentured servitude, first real slave codes emerge

Metacom’s War (King Philip’s War)

14 month, final effort to drive English from New England, led by Wampanoag, Mohegan and Mohawk sided with English, English wins, Wampanoag subjagated

English internal resistance

James II becomes king of England but is catholic. Nobles ask William of Orange to invade England, James II abdicates and flees to France. William and Mary II begins rule of England, considered Glorious Revolution (no bloodshed)