HS2 test #1

anatomy

the study of the body

physiology

how the body works

pathophysiology

study of how disease occurs

congenital

acquired during development in the uterus an existing at the date of birth

3 congenital diseases

club foot, cleft lip, spina bifida

inherited diseases

transmitted from parents to child genetically

4 types of inherited diseases

color blindness, cystic fibrosis, hemophilia, down syndrome

infectious disease

caused by a pathogenic (germ producing organism such as a bacteria or virus

4 types of infectious diseases

common cold, hepatitus, sexually transmitted infection

degenerative disease

deterioration of the function or structure of body tissues and organs either by normal body aging or lifestyle choices such as diet or exercise

2 types of degenerative diseases

arteriosclerotic heart disease, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

diagnosis

identifying the disease

etiology

cause of disease

prognosis

refers to a prediction of the probable course and or expected outcome

idiopathic

cause of disease is unknown

pathogenic

disease is cause by a prescribed treatment (ex. anemia is caused by chemotherapy, low potassium)

homeostasis

constant state of natural balance within the body

protoplasm

basic substance of all life

what is protoplasm made up of

carbon, sulfer, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, nitrogen

how many cells is there

trillions

what are the functions of a cell

take in food & oxygen, eliminates waste, produce heat & energy, move & adapt to environment, perform special functions, reproduce to create new cells

cell membrane

the outer covering of the cell

cytoplasm

fluid in the cell

what does cytoplasm contain

water, proteins, lipids, carbs, minerals, salts

nucleus

the brain of the cell (sits in the middle)

nucleolus

inside the nucleus, important in cell reproduction

chromatin

in the nucleus, made of DNA & proteins, each chromosome contains between 30,000 and 45,000 genes, during cell reproduction condenses to form rod-like structures called chromosomes

how many chomosomes is there

46 chromosomes

how many pairs of chromosomes is there, and where do they come from

23 pairs, 23 from mom, 23 from dad

centrosome

located in the cytoplasm & near the nucleus, contains 2 centrioles, during mitosis or cell division, the centrioles seperate

mitochondria

the powerhouse of the cell

golgi apparatus

produces, stores, & packages secretions for discharge from the cell

endoplasmic reticulum

allows for the transport of materials into & out the nucleus

vacuoles

pouch like structures, filled w/ watery substance, stored food, waste products

lysosome

destroy old cells, bacteria & foreign materials , oval or round bodies, found throughout cytoplasm

pinocytic vesicles

pocket like folds in cell membrane, allows fats to enter the cell

ribosomes

proteins, as many as 10 million

mitosis

asexual reproduction

meiosis

sex cells (gametes) divide

what do stem cells have the ability to do

cure diseases

what percentage of tissue is made of water

60 -99 percent

how does the water is tissue taste

salty

what are the 4 types of tissue

epithelial, connective, nerve_, muscle

dehydration

an insufficient amount of tissue fluid

edema

excess amount of tissue fluid, swelling

organs

two or more tissues joined together

system

two or more organs joined together

what is the organ system

cells - tissue - organs - body system - you

what are the 12 types of systems

respiratory, nervous, digestive, circulatory, cardiovascular, integumentary, skeletal, muscular, lymphatic, urinary, endocrine, reproductive

how many body planes is there

3 main body planes

what are the body planes

transverse, midsagittal or median, front or coronal

transverse plane divides…

divides the body in top & bottom alf

midsagittal plane divides

divides the body into right and left sides

coronal plane divides…

divides the body into a front and back section

superior

above other parts

inferior

below other parts

cranial

parts located near the head

caudal

parts located near the tail

medial

toward the midline (belly button)

lateral

away from the midline (bellybutton)

anterior/ventral

front of the body

dorsal/posterior

back of the body

proximal

extremities close to the point of reference (wrist)

distal

distant from the point of reference (fingertips)

what are body cavities

spaces within the body that contain vital organs

dorsal cavity

located at the back of the body

how many sections is the dorsal cavity divided into

2

what are two cavities that are divided in the dorsal cavity

cranial, spinal

the cranial cavity contains..

the brain

the spinal cavity contains…

the spinal cord

what cavity is located at the front of the body

the ventral cavity

the ventral cavity is divided into how many cavities

3

what are the 3 cavities in the ventral cavity separated by

the diaphragm

what are the 3 cavities in the ventral cavity

thoracic, abdominal, pelvic

what does the thoracic cavity contain

chest, esophagus, trachea, bronchi, lungs, hearts, large blood vessels

what does the abdominal cavity contain

stomach, small intestine, most of the large intestine, appendix, liver, gallbladder pancreas, and spleen

what is in the pelvic cavity

urinary bladder, reproductive organs, last part of the large intestine

how many abdominal regions and how many quads do you have

9 regions, 4 quads

what are the regions

epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric, right & left hypochondriac, right & left lumber, right & left iliac

what is the largest organ

skin

how much area does the skin cover and the % of body weight

3,000 square inches, 15%

what are the 3 layers of skin

epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous fascia/hypodermis

what is the epidermis

the outermost layer of the skin

what is the dermis

the “true skin” individual fingertips and footprints

what does the dermis contain

sweat, oil glands, hair follicles

what is the subcutaneous fascia/hypodermis

innermost layer

what does the subcutaneous fascia/hypodermis connect to

connects the skin to the underlying muscle

what are the two types of glands

sudoriferous, sebaceous

what is the sudoriferous gland and what does it do

sweat gland, eliminates water, salts, some body waste. Odorless unless bacteria enters

what is the sebaceous gland

oil glands, usually open to hair follicles. when it becomes plugged with dirt & oil a blackhead or pimple occurs

_ is everywhere except the palms of hands & soles of feet

hair

_ will regrow if _ bed is not damaged

nails

alopecia or baldness

a permanent loss of hair on scalp

what are the functions of the integumentary system

protection, body temperature regulation, sensory perception, storage, absorption, excretion, production

what does dilate mean?

get larger, when excess heat from the blood can escape through the skin

what does constrict mean

get smaller, the heat is contained in the body (shivering)

melanin

brownish black pigment

albino

absence of color pigment, pale skin, white or very light blonde hair

carotene

yellowish red pigment

erythema

a reddish color of the skin that can be caused by either burns or a congestion of blood in the vessels