(Whole Chapter) Ch 2 Chemistry Vet Tech A & P 1

Matter

anything that takes up space and has mass

Element

A pure substance made of only one kind of atom, cannot be broken down into simpler substances

chemical symbol

A one or two letter representation of an element

iron deficiency anemia

anemia caused by inadequate iron intake or chronic blood loss

Atoms

Basic unit of matter

Protons

positively charged subatomic particles found in the nucleus

Neutrons

the particles in the nucleus that have no charge

Electrons

Negatively charged particles surrounding the nucleus

ion

A charged atom that has gained or lost an electron

atomic nucleus

Center of an atom with protons and neutrons

atomic number

the number of protons in an atom, defines the element

isotopes

Atoms of the same element (same protons) with different numbers of neutrons

radioactive isotope

an isotope that has an unstable nucleus and that emits radiation

electron shell

electrons inhabit the space around there nucleus

first electron shell

closest to the nucleus, holds 2 electrons

second electron shell

filled with 8 electrons

valence shell

outmost electron shell with an electron

valence electrons

electrons in the outermost shell, may form bonds

Incomplete valence shell

Not full with electrons, chemically reactive

complete valence shell

outermost shell filled with electrons, unreactive and stable.

Molecule

Two or more atoms bonded together

Compound

substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more different atoms

solution

A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another

[Solute (solid) + Solvent (liquid)= Solution}

Colloid

A mixture containing small, undissolved particles that do not settle out.

Suspension

mixture of liquid and non-dissolved material

Solvent

A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances (like water)

Solute

the substance that is dissolved (solid) in fluid

covalent bond

A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons

single covalent bond

a bond formed when two atoms share a pair of electrons

double covalent bond

sharing two pairs of electrons

triple covalent bond

a bond formed by sharing three pairs of electrons

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

non polar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

ionic bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

cations

An atom loses an electron and becomes positively charged

Anions

An atom gains an electron and becomes negatively charged

hydrogen bond

A weak chemical bond formed when the slightly positive end of a polar covalent bond is attracted to the slightly negative end of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.

chemical reaction

process that changes one set of chemicals into another set of chemicals

Reactants

A starting material in a chemical reaction (Na + Cl)

Products

the substances that are formed by the chemical change (NaCl)

synthesis reaction

Building reaction: forms a bigger molecule. two or more substances combine to form another substance

decomposition reaction

A breakdown reaction, AB --> A + B

Anabolism

Reactions that construct molecules, requiring energy. (Synthesis)

Catabolism

Metabolic reactions that break down molecules, releasing energy. (Decomposition)

catalyst

substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction

organic compounds

compounds that contain carbon and hydrogen

Inorganic molecules

molecules that do not contain carbon

functional groups

chemical groups attached to carbon skeletons that give compounds their functionality

Hydrophobic

water hating, molecules that won't dissolve in water (oil)

Hydrophilic

water loving, molecules that will dissolve in water (Salt)

universal solvent

Water- due to its polarity and ability to dissolve many different solutes

Electrolytes

minerals that carry electrical charges that help maintain the body's fluid balance (Na, Cl, K, Mg)

Acids

substances that release hydrogen ions when dissolved in water

Bases

Compounds that remove hydrogen ions from a solution.

neutral

pH of 7

acidic

pH less than 7

basic

pH greater than 7

pH scale

scale with values from 0 to 14, used to measure the concentration of H+ ions in a solution

Buffers

Stabilizes the body pH

4 organic molecules of life

carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Carbohydrates

the starches and sugars present in foods

Monosaccharides

Single sugar molecules

Glucose

the monosaccharide that circulates in the blood and provides the major source of energy for body tissues. (blood sugar)

Disaccharide

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined together

complex carbohydrates

starches from plants, fiber from plants, glycogen from the liver/muscles.

Polysaccharides

large macromolecules formed from many monosaccharides bonded together (starches, glycogen, fiber)

Lipids

Energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Triglycerides

Fats and Oils: energy-rich compounds made up of a single molecule of glycerol and three molecules of fatty acid.

Fatty acids

Building Blocks of Lipids, chains of carbons bonds to hydrogens

Saturated fatty acids

Fatty acids with no double bonds between carbons.

Unsaturated fatty acids

Fatty acids with one or more double bonds.

Oils

lipids that are liquid at room temperature, made of fatty acids with double bonds

phospholipids

a lipid containing a phosphate group and 2 fatty acids. Found in high numbers in cell membranes

cell membrane

the semipermeable membrane surrounding the outside of a cell.

lipid bilayer

double-layered sheet that forms the core of nearly all cell membranes

Steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings, found in hormones

Proteins

Made of amino acids bonded together with a wide variety of functions in the body

Catalysts

Chemicals that speed up chemical reactions, made of proteins

amino acids

building blocks of proteins

Polypeptide

Unfinished long chain of amino acids that makes proteins when folded

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions

Hemoglobin

A protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen.

Antibodies

Proteins that destroy infectious agents

Protein structures

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

primary protein structure

sequence of amino acids

Secondary protein structure

occurs when the sequence of amino acids are linked by hydrogen bonds (helix and pleats)

tertiary protein structure

3D folding pattern of a protein due to side chain interactions

quarternary protein structure

protein consisting of more than one amino acid chain (hemoglobin has 4 polypeptides bonded together)

nucleic acids

DNA and RNA

DNA

Contains genetic information that makes up the chromosomes. (Protein "recipe" book in the nucleus)

RNA

A single-stranded nucleic acid that assists in building proteins

Nucleotides

Building blocks of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA.

Chromosomes

long strands of DNA wound together that contains the genes found in the nucleus

Genes

DNA segments that code for one protein (many genes are found in a chromosome)

DNA Bases

Adenine (A), Thymine (T), Guanine (G), Cytosine (C)

RNA Bases

Adenine (A), Uracil (U), Cytosine (C), Guanine (G)

double helix

two strands of nucleotides wound about each other; structure of DNA

3 parts of a nucleotide

sugar, phosphate, nitrogen base

ATP

(adenosine triphosphate) main energy source that cells use for most of their work (3 phosphates)

ADP

(Adenosine Diphosphate) A phosphate group is removed from ATP, releasing energy.