INORG LAB - EXP 5: Non-Essential Ions

Flouride

Anti-cariogenic (prevents tooth decay)

• Excessive exposure can cause dental fluorosis and skeletal fluorosis.

Bromides

Previously used for it’s anti-epileptic effect

• High doses can cause bromism (neurological and psychiatric symptoms).

Lithium

CNS depressant (used in mood disorders)

• Commonly used to treat bipolar disorder.

• Modulating neurotransmitter levels and stabilizing mood.

Gold

Anti-inflammatory (used for rheumatoid arthritis)

Lead

• Previously used in food and beverage processing (among its other uses) but establishment of its toxic effects has led to stricter controls.

• Once used in pipes, paint, and cosmetics.

• Known to cause lead poisoning.

Nickel

• No current medical use but was previously used for parasitic skin diseases.

• Historically used in dermatology.

• Can cause contact dermatitis.

Strontium

Sr-89, a radioactive isotope used in bone cancer

• Can cause bone cancer and leukemia.

Sodium fluoride and Silver nitrate

• Result: No precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement reaction

Sodium fluoride and Calcium chloride

• Result: White Precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement reaction (Precipitation)

Calcium fluoride and Acetic acid

• Result: No reaction

• Type of Reaction: Acid-base reaction (failed)

Calcium fluoride and Hydrochloric acid

• Result: Dissolution

• Type of Reaction: Acid-base reaction

Sodium fluoride and Ferric chloride

• Result: White crystalline precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement reaction (Precipitation)

Ferric fluoride and Ammonium thiocyanate

• Result: No Visible Reaction

• Type of Reaction: Complex formation (failed)

Potassium bromide and Silver nitrate

• Result: Curdy yellow precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement reaction (Precipitation)

Silver bromide and Ammonia

• Result: Colorless crystal

• Type of Reaction: Complex formation

Silver bromide and Nitric acid

• Result: No Visible Reaction

• Type of Reaction: Acid-base reaction (failed)

Potassium bromide, Hydrochloric acid, and Sodium hypochlorite

• Result: Orange-red solution

• Type of Reaction: Redox reaction

Bromine and Sodium hypochlorite

• Result: Pale yellow solution

• Type of Reaction: Oxidation

Bromine and Starch

• Result: Yellow color

• Type of Reaction: Complex formation

Bromine and Dichloromethane

• Result: Colorless aqueous layer, reddish-brown solution

• Type of Reaction: Extraction

Lithium chloride, Sodium hydroxide, and Sodium carbonate

• Result: White precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Precipitation

Lithium carbonate and Ammonium chloride

• Result: Dissolution of precipitate and Effervescent pungent odor

• Type of Reaction: Acid-base reaction

Lithium chloride and Disodium hydrogen phosphate

• Result: Colorless solution, no precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement reaction (Precipitation)

Lithium phosphate and Sodium hydroxide

• Result: White precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Precipitation

Lithium chloride and Ammonium carbonate

• Result: White precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Precipitation

Lithium carbonate and Ammonium carbonate

• Result: Dissolution of precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Complexation

Lithium chloride (Flame Test)

• Result: Crimson red flame

• Type of Reaction: Emission reaction (flame test)

Auric chloride and Acid Stannous chloride

• Result: Purple of Cassius (Colloidal gold)

• Type of Reaction: Redox reaction

Lead acetate and Sulfuric acid

• Result: White precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement reaction (Precipitation)

Lead sulfate and Hydrochloric acid

• Result: White precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement reaction (Precipitation)

Lead sulfate and Sodium hydroxide

• Result: Clear solution

• Type of Reaction: Complex formation

Lead sulfate and Ammonium acetate

• Result: Clear solution

• Type of Reaction: Complex formation

Nickel sulfate and Ammonium sulfide

• Result: Black precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement (Precipitation)

Nickel sulfate and Sodium hydroxide

• Result: Green precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement (Precipitation)

Nickel hydroxide and Sodium hydroxide (excess)

• Result: No reaction

• Type of Reaction: Base interaction (failed)

Nickel sulfate and Ammonia

• Result: Green precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Precipitation

Nickel hydroxide and Ammonia

• Result: Deep-blue solution

• Type of Reaction: Complex formation

Nickel sulfate and Potassium ferrocyanide

• Result: Greenish precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement (Precipitation)

Nickel sulfate and Potassium ferricyanide

• Result: Reddish-brown precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement (Precipitation)

Strontium chloride and Ammonium hydroxide

• Result: No reaction

• Type of Reaction: Base interaction (failed)

Strontium chloride and Sodium carbonate

• Result: White precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement reaction (Precipitation)

Strontium carbonate and Acetic acid

• Result: White precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Acid-base interaction (failed)

Strontium chloride and Calcium sulfate

• Result: White precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement reaction (precipitation)

Strontium oxalate and Acetic acid

• Result: No reaction

• Type of Reaction: Acid-base interaction (failed)

Strontium chloride (Flame Test)

• Result: Carmine red flame

• Type of Reaction: Emission reaction (flame test)

Sodium fluoride and Glass (SiO2)

• Result: Silicon tetrafluoride (SiF4) - etching of glass

• Type of Reaction: Chemical etching (Acid-base reaction)

Sodium fluoride and Calcium chloride

• Result: Gelatinous precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Double displacement reaction (Precipitation)

Phosphoric acid and Ammonium molybdate

• Result: Yellow precipitate

• Type of Reaction: Precipitation

Ammonium phosphomolybdate and Ammonia

• Result: Precipitate dissolves

• Type of Reaction: Complex formation

Ammonium phosphomolybdate and Sodium hydroxide

• Result: Precipitate dissolves

• Type of Reaction: Complex formation