CHAPTER 1: HISTORY OF COMPUTING

The Old Stone Age

What is the Paleolithic period known as?

Middle Stone Age

Mesolithic

New Stone Age

Neolithic

Bones (20, 000 - 30, 000 B.C.)

First utility tools recorded on ______

TRUE (about number system)

TRUE/FALSE

First placevalue number system in place - 1800 B.C.

Abacus

- Mother of Computers

- 1000 B.C. and 500 B.C.

- Originated in China.

- Can do addition and subtraction

Leonardo Da Vinci

invented mechanical calculator in 1500

Slide rule

- invented in 1621.

- Can do Division, Multiplication, and Exponents.

- Also known as sliptick in US.

Wilhelm Schichard

In 1625 he made a sketch of mechanical calculator, but the product got burned.

Blaise Pascal

made the first usable/ intangible mechanical calculator in 1640

Punched card

What significant contribution did Joseph Marie Jacquard make in 1800?

The Analytical Engine, which was an early mechanical computer.

What did Charles Babbage develop?

Zero and negative numbers.

What mathematical concepts were introduced between 300 B.C. and 500 A.D.?

Boolean Algebra

What did George Boole invent?

It can perform division, multiplication, and exponents.

What is the Slide Rule used for?

Paper tape

What is the invention of Charles Wheatstone?

Logic Machine

invented by William Stanley Jevons in 1869 and contributed to the field of logic.

Christopher Latham Sholes

who created the first Keyboard in 1874?

Allan Marquand

who invented rectangular logic diagrams?

Charles Pierce

who is the father of pragmatism and first linked Boolean algebra to circuits based on switches in 1886?

Venn diagrams.

What did John Venn create in 1890?

The Tabulating Machine, which utilized punched cards.

What did Herman Hollerith invent in 1890?

John Ambrose Fleming

who created vacuum tube that all digital computer in the first half century ran on vacuum tubes

Lee de Forest

who invented triode in 1906?

First semiconductor transistor

- in 1926. Not used for several years.

- Came to dominate the computing industry in late years.

Turing Machine (1937)

invention of abstract computer invented by Alan Turing; some problems are not computable

COLOSSUS

- first working programmable digital computers in 1939

- Design by Alan Turing to break the German ENIGMA code during World War II.

Vincent Atanasoff

Who created the first digital computer model built in 1939 and utilized capacitors to store electronic charge?

Howard Aiken

Who developed Harvard Mark I.

- 1st large scale automatic digital computer.

- also known as IBM automatic sequencer calculator ASCC (1943).

It was the first large-scale automatic digital computer, completed in 1956.

What is significant about the Harvard Mark I?

The first vacuum tube-based general-purpose digital computer, completed in 1945.

What was the ENIAC?

John William Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert Jr

- ENIAC (ELECTRONIC NUMERICAL INTEGRATOR AND COMPUTER)

- Vacuum tube-based general purpose

- 10 feet high

- Weighed 30 tons

- Occupied 1000 square feet

- 70,000 resistors

- 10,000 capacitors

- 6000 switches

- 18,000 vacuum tube

- No internal memory

- Hard-wired

- Consistently programmed by switches and diodes

Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer

What ENIAC means?

1944-1952 John William Mauchly & J. Presper Eckert Jr

- EDVAC (ELECTRONIC DISCRETE VARIABLE AUTOMATIC COMPUTER)

- 1st truly general-purpose digital computer

- Stored program instruction concept

completed in 1956

- 4,000 vacuum tubes and 10,000 crystal diodes

UNIVAC I

The first commercially available computer, introduced in 1948.

Mainframe computers

- Built by companies like IBM, Honeywell, CDC, ICL.

- Expensive

- use limited to big corporations.

Minicomputer

- Developed in mid to late sixties.

- Less expensive but smaller computer.

The first microprocessor with a 4-bit data path, developed in 1971.

What was the Intel 4004?

Ted Hoff

Invented the first microprocessor.

The 4004

4bit data path

Intel 8008

- 8bit microprocessor based on the 4004 in 1972.

- First microprocessor to use a compiler. Specific application microprocessors.

Intel 8080

-truly general purpose microprocessor

8080

-8-bit device

- 4,500 transistors & astonishing 200,000 operations per second

Personal computing industry began

1976: Apple I and Apple II microcomputer were unveiled.

1981: IBM joined the PC wars.

1. IBM

2. Gary Kildall

3. Bill Gates

3 Major Players in PC OS

Gary Kildall

Who developed the first PC operating system?

Bill Gates

Who developed the Disk Operating System (DOS)?

- Telegraph

- Telephone

- Radio

- Computers

Internet based on 4 technologies

Joseph Carl Robnett Licklider

Who conceptualized a global interconnected set of computers (packets instead of circuits & enables computers to talk to each other)

Leonard Kleinrock (1961)

Who published first work on packet switching theory?

Donald Davies and Roger Scantleberg

Two additional important projects

- Coining the term packet

- Connected computer in Boston with one in Los Angels

Larry Roberts (1967)

who publish the first plan for ARPANET

Frank Heart and Bob Kahn (1968)

Who developed Interface Message Processor (IMP)?

- The precursor to the Internet, which began as a tool for defense contractors.

- Universities added

- Government joined

- Other countries joined

- ARPANET ceased to exist in 1989

- Internet was an entity to itself

What is ARPANET?

Tim Berners-Lee (1989)

- beginning concept of WWW

- Proposal called HyperText and CERN

- Enable collaboration between physicists & researchers in the high energy physics research

1. HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

2. HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

3. (d ko alam yung pangatlo)

What are the three new technologies of the Web?

TRUE

TRUE/FALSE

In the development of the Internet:

- Low speed dial-up telephone line

- created the first working Wide Area Network

A self-propagating program designed to alter or destroy computer system resources.

What is a computer virus?

HyperText Markup Language (HTML)

hypertext concepts- to be used to write web documents

HyperText Transfer Protocol (HTTP)

- a protocol used to transmit web pages between hosts

- Web browser client software program to receive and interpret data and display results.

poison

latin word of virus

1972

In what year was the term 'virus' first used to describe a piece of unwanted computer code?

James H. Moore

He first coined the phrase "computer ethics"

TRUE (about vacuum)

TRUE/FALSE

Vacuums caused by the 'confusion' between the known policies and what is presented

Onel De Guzman.

Who created the ILoveYou virus?

The analysis of the nature and social impact of computer technology.

What is computer ethics?

To receive and interpret data and display results.

What is the purpose of a web browser?

Justification for First Thought

- We should study computer ethics because doing so will make us behave like responsible professionals.

- We should study computer ethics because doing so will teach us how to avoid computer abuse and catastrophes.

Justification for Second Thought

- We should study computer ethics because the advance of computing technology will continue to create temporary policy vacuums.

- We should study computer ethics because the use of computing permanently transforms certain ethical issues to the degree that their alterations require independent study.

- We should study computer ethics because the use of computing technology creates, and will continue to create, novel ethical issues that require special study.

- We should study computer ethics because the set of novel and transformed issues is large enough and coherent enough to define a new field