305 Final Review: Anatomy and Physiology Concepts

What are the characteristics that distinguish simple and stratified epithelial tissues?

Simple epithelium has a single layer of cells, while stratified epithelium has multiple layers.

characteristics of epithelial tissue

characteristics of connective tissue

characteristics of muscle tissue

characteristics of nerve tissue

characteristics of skeletal muscles

voluntary and striated

characteristics of cardiac muscle

involuntary and striated

characteristics of smooth muscle

involuntary and non-striated.

What is the basic structure of a neuron?

A neuron consists of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon.

what is the function of the parietal cortex

What is the function of the frontal cortex?

The frontal cortex is responsible for movement and conscious thought.

What are the major regions of the brain and their functions?

The major regions include the cerebrum (higher brain functions), cerebellum (coordination), and brainstem (basic life functions).

What is the origin and function of insulin?

Insulin is produced by the pancreas and regulates blood glucose levels.

What are the major hormones and their sites of origin?

Insulin (pancreas), glucagon (pancreas), HGH (pituitary gland), ADH (pituitary gland), T3/T4 (thyroid gland), cortisol (adrenal glands).

What are the three layers of the heart and their functions?

The endocardium lines the heart chambers, the myocardium is the muscular layer that contracts to pump blood, and the epicardium is the outer layer that protects the heart.

basophils

fights against allergic reactions

eosinophils

defends against parasites

monocytes

defends against debris

Lymphocytes

defends against viruses

neutrophils

defends against bacteria

Where is blood pressure highest and lowest in the circulatory system?

Blood pressure is highest in the arteries and lowest in the veins.

What are the differences between arteries, veins, and capillaries?

Arteries carry blood away from the heart, veins carry blood to the heart, and capillaries are small vessels where gas and nutrient exchange occurs.

How does the electrical signal flow through the heart?

The electrical signal originates at the SA node, travels to the AV node, and then through the bundle of His and Purkinje fibers.

How many lobes are in the right and left lung?

The right lung has three lobes, and the left lung has two lobes.

What is the volume of blood in the human body?

The average volume of blood in an adult human body is about 5 to 6 liters.

What is the function of the upper respiratory tract?

The upper respiratory tract warms, moistens, and filters air.

What is the number of primary vs. secondary teeth?

Humans have 20 primary teeth and 32 secondary (permanent) teeth.

What are the layers of the GI tract and what is found there?

The layers include the mucosa (innermost layer), submucosa (contains blood vessels and nerves), muscularis (muscle layer), and serosa (outer layer).

What cells in the stomach are responsible for producing gastric acid?

Parietal cells produce gastric acid (HCl) in the stomach.

What are the different regions of the small intestine?

The small intestine consists of the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

What is the treatment for appendicitis?

The standard treatment for appendicitis is an appendectomy, which is the surgical removal of the appendix.

Which enzymes break down different macronutrients?

Amylase breaks down carbohydrates, proteases break down proteins, and lipases break down fats.