AP Psych Exam 6 (Mods 31A-36)

What term describes the often automatic organization of items into familiar, manageable units which can boost memory if organized into personally meaningful arrangements?

Chunking

Which of the following is the most complete list of elements in the three-box/information-processing model?

Sensory memory, working memory, encoding, long-term memory, and retrieval

What deep brain structures are involved in motor development and facilitate the formation of our procedural memories for skills?

Basal ganglia

Which of the following is an example of source amnesia?

Stephen misremembers a dream as something that really happened

The hippocampus is a temporal-lobe neural center located in the limbic system and is the equivalent of the “save” button for what type of memories?

Explicit

Which example would be better explained by the levels of processing model than the information-processing model?

You are able to remember verbatim a riddle you worked on for a few days before you figured out the answer

People are more concerned about a medical procedure when told it has a 10 percent death rate then they are when told it has a 90 percent survival rate. Which psychological concept explains this difference in concern?

Framing

Which of the following cognitive strategies is most useful for creativity?

Divergent thinking

Which of the following words has three morphemes?

Greeters

Which sentence most accurately describes sensory memory?

Sensory memory stores all sensory input perfectly accurately for a short period of time

Which of the following would be the best piece of evidence for the nativist theory of language acquisition?

A child of normal mental ability not being able to learn language due to language deprivation at an early age

Adonis significantly underestimated how long it would take to write his term paper, because he was sure it would be very easy for him. Adonis was exhibiting...

Overconfidence

Which of the following best describes long-term potentiation (L TP)?

These synaptic changes allow for more efficient transfer of information

One of the ways memories are physically stored in the brain is by what process?

Long-term potentiation, which strengthens connections between neurons

Which of the following illustrates the serial position effect?

Adonis is unable to remember the middle of a list of vocabulary words as well as he remembers the first or last words on the list

Stress hormones provoke what emotion-processing clusters in the limbic system to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia and to boost activity in the brain’s memory-forming areas?

Amygdala

According to the nativist theory, language is acquired…

Using an inborn ability to learn language at a certain developmental stage

You are more likely to remember happy memories when you are presently happy than when you are sad due to...

Mood congruence

Which of the following is the best example of the use of the availability heuristic?

Making a judgment according to past experiences that are most easily recalled

After a brain injury, Adonis was unable to understand other people's speech. Which of the following best describes Adonis' experience?

Aphasia

Mave got a new car with the license plate "MAVNUM1." She is asked by the school parking clerk what her number is but can only remember her old one, "VANMOM1." Her inability to remember her new plate is most likely due to...

Proactive interference

Adonis really wants to do well on his psychology exam. Which strategy should he use to maximize his chances of successfully retrieving the information he will need for the exam

Distributed practice

Dr. Biggsteinbergskiopolos accurately told his class that the "magical number seven, plus or minus two" refers to...

The capacity of short-term memory

Dr. Biggsteinbergskiopolos studies the cognitive frameworks that help us organize and interpret new information in memory. These frameworks are referred to as...

Schemas

Adonis mentions to you that he heard humans never forget anything; we remember everything that ever happens to us. What concept from memory research most directly contradicts this belief?

Constructive memory

Adonis is at a party having a private conversation with a friend. He is able to ignore the music and other conversations due to...

Selective attention

Which of the following is an example of an implicit memory?

Knowing how to tie your shoe

Phonemes and morphemes refer to…

Elements of language

Adonis is studying for his French test. He encodes his vocabulary words at an elementary level, focusing on the word's letters instead of the meaning. He is engaging in which type of processing?

Shallow

According to the three-box/information-processing model, stimuli from our outside environment is first stored in…

Sensory memory

Dr. Biggsteinbergskiopolos conducted a memory study. Which of his findings replicates the findings from past research?

The amygdala enhances memory of events that trigger strong emotional responses

Which of the following illustrates a heuristic?

Using three dramatic news reports of corporate fraud to estimate how often business fraud occurs

Which of the following conclusions can be drawn from the graph?

Most forgetting occurs early on and then levels off

On average, people can repeat back a range of digits approximately how long?

7 to 9

What term describes the persistence of learning over time through the storage and retrieval of information and is evidence of learning?

Memory

What term describes the processing of many aspects of a problem simultaneously and contrasts with the processing of most computers and of conscious problem solving?

Parallel processing

According to the three-stage processing model, what term describes the relatively permanent and limitless storehouse of the memory system?

Long-term memory

According to the three-stage processing model, what term describes the immediate recording of sensory information in the memory system?

Sensory memory

What term describes the processing of information into a memory system?

Encoding

Respectively, what term describes the retention of encoded information over time and what term describes the process of getting information out of memory storage?

Storage, retrieval

What term clarifies the short-term memory concept by focusing more on how we attend to, rehearse, and manipulate information in temporary storage as well as actively associate new and old information and solve problems?

Working memory

What is unlike videotapes or photocopies, is personally constructed, is a survival skill, and helps you predict the future?

Memory (survival)

What happens to information without focused attention?

It fades

Whatever our age, when do we do better and more efficient work?

All answers are correct

We consciously remember only what we have encoded, but the amount of material we can remember depends on what?

All answers are correct (remember)

Respectively, what term describes encoding semantically (meaning) and tends to yield the best retention and what term describes encoding on a basic level based on the structure or appearance of words?

Deep processing, shallow processing

What term describes the organization of knowledge into broad concepts divided and subdivided into narrower concepts that help us retrieve information efficiently?

Hierarchies

Respectively, what term describes the tendency for distributed study or practice to yield better long-term retention than is achieved through cramming and what term describes enhanced memory after taking assessments rather than simply rereading information which can give you a false sense of mastery?

Spacing effect, testing effect

Working memory capacity varies and what age group has more working memory capacity, can use their mental workspace more efficiently, and have a greater ability to multitask?

Early adulthood

Respectively, what produces implicit memories (nondeclarative or procedural memories) and unconsciously encodes well-learned information and what term produces explicit memories (declarative memories) that involve encoding and require attention and conscious effort?

Automatic processing, effortful processing

Respectively, which momentary sensory memory is a visual stimulus that has been described as a fleeting photographic memory and which momentary sensory memory is an auditory stimulus that seems to linger for 3 or 4 seconds if attention is elsewhere?

Iconic memory, echoic memory

What term describes memory aids that use vivid imagery and organizational devices such as peg words, method of loci, acronyms, and acrostics?

Mnemonics

Stress hormones provoke what emotion-processing clusters in the limbic system to initiate a memory trace in the frontal lobes and basal ganglia and to boost activity in the brain's memory-forming areas?

Amygdala

What plays a key role in forming and storing the implicit memories created by classical conditioning?

Cerebellum

What has a vast storage capacity, but does not store information in precise locations, instead, many parts interact as we encode, store, and retrieve the information that forms our memories?

Brain

What term describes a clear memory of an emotionally significant moment or event?

Flashbulb memory

What deep brain structures are involved in motor development and facilitate the formation of our procedural memories for skills?

Basal ganglia

The hippocampus is a temporal-lobe neural center located in the limbic system and is the equivalent of the "save" button for what type of memories?

Explicit

What term describes an increase in a synapse's firing potential after brief, rapid stimulation and is believed to be a neural basis for learning and memory?

Long-term potentiation

What term describes the lack of conscious memory of our first three years due to a nonspeaking child's inability to index explicit memories and the hippocampus being one of the last brain structures to mature?

Infantile amnesia

Memories are not permanently stored in the hippocampus, but what helps the hippocampus process and consolidate memories for later storage retrieval from other places in the brain?

Sleep

What triggers stress hormones and helps explain why we long remember exciting or shocking events, such as our first kiss, an earthquake, or a tragedy?

Emotions

What term describes the tendency to recall experiences that are consistent with one's current good or bad mood?

Mood-congruent memory

What term describes a measure of memory retention that assesses the amount of time saved when learning material for a second time?

Relearning

What can influence how we interpret other people's behaviors?

Mood

What term describes a measure of memory retention where a person needs to only identify previously learned cues, such as on a multiple-choice test?

Recognition

What researcher described that as additional rehearsal (overlearning) increases, relearning time decreases and illustrated that the speed of relearning is one measure of memory retention?

Ebbinghaus

What term describes our tendency to recall best the last and first items in a list?

Serial position effect

What term describes a measure of memory retention where a person retrieves information not in conscious awareness, such as on a fill-in-the-blank test?

Recall

Researcher Collier found that a familiar what can prime memory retrieval even in 3-month old children?

Context

On recognition tests, a photograph serves as what which provides a reminder of information we could not otherwise recall?

Retrieval cue

What term has been referred to as the "wakening of associations" and "memoryless memory" and describes the activation, often unconsciously, of particular associations in memory?

Priming

What term describes the disruptive effect of prior learning on the recall of new information (forward-acting)?

Proactive interference

What term describes the disruptive effect of new learning on the recall of old information (backward-acting)?

Retroactive interference

Before you go to sleep at night, when is a good time to stop studying in order to best commit information to memory?

1 hour

What did Ebbinghaus create that demonstrated that the course of forgetting is initially rapid, then levels off with time?

Forgetting curve

What Freudian term describes the basic defense mechanism that banishes from consciousness anxiety arousing thoughts, feelings, and memories and rarely, if ever, occurs according to memory researchers today?

Repression

What can occur at any memory stage as we filter, alter, or lose information?

Forgetting

What is not so much a matter of the decay of old impressions and associations as it is a matter of interference, inhibition, or destruction of the old by the new?

Forgetting

Since remembering everything can be haunting and exhausting, the ability to discard useless or out-of-date information is surely a blessing; however, what initially causes us to forget is that we fail to do what properly?

Encode

What term describes a situation where more forgetting occurs when a person is involved with other activities over a period of time?

Retroactive interference (other)

Respectively, what term describes an inability to retrieve information from one's past and what term describes an inability to form new memories?

Retrograde amnesia, anterograde amnesia

The most common response to a traumatic experience is not what Freudian defense mechanism, it is typically etched on the mind as a vivid, persistent, and haunting memory?

Repression (etched)

Source amnesia helps explain what term that describes cues from the current situation that unconsciously trigger retrieval of an earlier experience that may be similar but not exactly the same?

Déjà vu

It is nearly impossible to sift suggested ideas out of the larger pool of real memories, so we fill in memory gaps (confabulation) with what?

All answers are correct

s

Most of what we know is not the result of memorization, but what research-based study technique could help you remember information?

Survey, question, read, retrieve, review (SQ3R)

What term describes incorporating misleading information into one's memory of an event and is so powerful that it can influence later attitudes and behaviors?

Misinformation effect

What are some recommended memory strategies?

All answers are correct (memory)

What term describes attributing to the wrong source an event that we have experienced, heard about, read about or imagined and is at the heart of many false memories?

Source amnesia

Since memory is not precise and to some degree is entirely false, what term describes that we often construct our memories as we encode them, and every time we "replay" a memory, we replace the original with a slightly modified version?

Reconsolidation

A credible authority, repeated suggestions, imagination-enhancing techniques, and affirmation are all ingredients for creating what in a therapeutic setting?

False memories

Because people construct their memories, what type of eyewitnesses, when exposed to misinformation, are more susceptible to believe that they saw the misleading details as part of the event?

Children

The more closely something matches our _____ of a concept, the more readily we recognize it as an example of a concept.

Prototype

What researcher identified the five components of creativity (expertise, imagination, venturesome personality, intrinsic motivation, and a creative environment)?

Sternberg

What term describes expanding the number of possible problem solutions?

Divergent thinking

What term describes a mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, and people that helps simplify our thinking?

Concepts

We often form our concepts by developing a _____ that describes a mental image or best example of a category?

Prototype (often)

What term describes the ability to produce ideas that are both novel and valuable?

Creativity

According to research, how might one boost the creative process?

All answers are correct

What term describes narrowing the available problem solutions to determine the single best solution?

Convergent thinking