Advanced anesthesia practical

What route of administration has the quickest action?

IV

Acepromazine intended effect

Used for sedation and muscle relaxation

Acepromazine side effects

Hypotension, bradycardia, reduced RR

Benzodiazepine intended effect

Enhance GABA effects to inhibit brain activity

Benzodiazepine examples

Diazepam, alprazolam, midazolam

Benzodiazepine side effects

Ataxia, restlessness in cats and horses, liver failure in cats

Alpha-2 agonists intended effect

Stimulates a2 receptors to release norepinephrine to reduce fight or flight response. Causes sedation, relaxation, and analgesia.

Alpha-2 agonists side effects

Significant RR depression and bradycardia

Alpha-2 agonists example

Dexmedetomidine

Alpha-2 agonists reversal

Atipamezole

Opioid intended effect

Analgesia by occupying the Mu or Kappa receptor

Opioid side effects

Pronounced bradycardia, decreased RR and tidal volume, decreased PaO2 and PaCO2, slows GI tract

Buprenorphine mechanism of action

Partial agonist for Mu receptor and antagonist for Kappa receptor. Causes mild analgesia

Butorphanol

Partial agonist/ antagonist for Mu receptor and full agonist for Kappa receptor. Used for mild analgesia or used in combination for “Kitty magic”

neuroleptanalgesia

State of sedation, reduces anxiety, and analgesia through the use of drugs.

Propofol intended effect

Used to induce or maintain deep anesthesia

Propofol side effects

Apnea, hypotension

Propofol contraindications

Patients who are already struggling to breathe, patients with cardiac disease

What is ketamine and diazepam combination used for?

Causes disassociative anesthesia while mitigating the side effects of ketamine

Stage 1 anesthesia

Awake patient

Stage 2 anesthesia “Excitement stage”

Initial loss of reflexes, awake but holding

Stage 3 plane 1

Light surgical stage, pedal reflexes lost, palpebral reflexes reduced

Stage 3 plane 2

Ideal surgical stage. Palpebral, pedal, and swallow reflexes gone. Eye position ventromedial

Stage 3 plane 3

Deep anesthesia. Muscle reflexes gone, slow breathing. Eye position central. Used for painful or invasive surgery.

Stage 3 plane 4

Approaching dangerous levels of anesthesia. Eyes completely dilated and reflexes are completely gone.

Stage 4 anesthesia

Emergency levels of anesthesia. All reflexes gone. RR paralysis, heart failure, death.

Normal capnograph reading

35-45mmhg on awake patients, 50-55 mmgh acceptable for anesthetized patients

Normal MAP reading

60-100

Normal SPO2 reading

Above 95%

What does pulse ox measure

The percentage of oxygen saturation in blood.

Ketamine MOA

Blocks NMDA on spinal cord to prevent windup (Modulation)

Gabapentin MOA

Blocks calcium channels in nerves to inhibit pain

ASA I

Healthy patients with no concern for anesthesia

ASA 2

Patient who has a mild or moderate pre-established systemic disease but is medically controlled. (Brachiocephalic automatically considered ASA 2)

ASA 3

Severe disease process which limits activity but is not incapacitating.

ASA 4

Severe disease that is a constant threat to life

ASA 5

Patients who will not survive without surgery

Reservoir bag calculation

Weight in kg x 10-15 × 6

Tidal volume calculaiton

Weight in kg x 10-15

How many roots does a dog/cat canine have? (104,204,304,404)

1

How many roots does a dog/ feline incisor have?

1

How many roots does a maxillary dog p1 have?

1

How many roots does mandibular dog p1 have?

1

How many roots does maxillary dog p2, p3 have?

2

How many roots does maxillary dog p4, m1, m2 have

3

How many roots does mandubular dog p2,p3,p4 have

2

How many roots does mandibular dog m1 and m2 have

2

How many roots does mandibular dog m3 have

1

How many roots do cat incisors and canines have

1

How many roots do cat maxillary p1,p2 have

2

How many roots does cat maxillary p3 have

3

How many roots does cat maxillary M1 have

1

How many roots does cat mandibular p1,p2,m1,m2 have

2

Name the block

Mental block

Name the block

Inferior alveolar block

Name the block

Infraorbital block

Name the block

Maxillary block

Name the instrument and use

Luxators, cut periodontal ligament and expand alveolus

Name the instrument and use

Dental elevators, elevate tooth from alveolar

Name the instrument and use

Dental forcepts, used to grip and remove teeth from alveolus

Name the instrument and use

Root tip pick, used to remove tooth fragments in root

Name the instrument and use

Periosteal elevators, elevate gingival tissue and periosteum from bone

Name the instrument and use

Excavators, used to remove caries

Name the burr and use

Round burr, used for buccal bone removal

Name the burr and use

Cross cut fissure burr, used to create a cross cut on teeth that need extracted

Name the burr and use

Football diamond burr, used for Alveooloplasty

Name the instrument and use

Explorer, used to feel against tooth surface

Name the instrument and use

Probe, used to measure periodontal pockets or lesions

Name the instrument and use

Used to remove calculus

Name the instrument and use

Scaler, used to scale teeth supragingival

Name the instrument and use

Curette, used to scale subgingivally