History of Medicine - HOSA Bowl

Hippocrates

Father of Medicine; established ethical standards and the Hippocratic Oath.

Hippocratic Oath

Ethical code emphasizing patient care, confidentiality, and “do no harm.”

Galen

Greek physician who studied anatomy through animal dissection and promoted the four humors.

Four Humors

Ancient belief that disease resulted from imbalance of blood, phlegm, yellow bile, and black bile.

Middle Ages Medicine

Care focused on prayer, superstition, monasteries, and herbal remedies.

Renaissance Period

Revival of scientific study; human dissection and spread of medical knowledge.

Andreas Vesalius

Founder of modern anatomy; wrote De humani corporis fabrica in 1543.

William Harvey

Discovered circulation of blood and the heart’s function as a pump.

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Invented the microscope and observed microorganisms.

Edward Jenner

Developed the first vaccine (smallpox).

Florence Nightingale

Founder of modern nursing; improved sanitation during the Crimean War.

Louis Pasteur

Established germ theory; developed pasteurization and vaccines.

Joseph Lister

Introduced antiseptic surgery using carbolic acid.

Robert Koch

Proved bacteria cause disease; identified tuberculosis and cholera.

Wilhelm Roentgen

Discovered X-rays in 1895.

Sigmund Freud

Founder of psychoanalysis; emphasized the unconscious mind.

Alexander Fleming

Discovered penicillin in 1928.

Jonas Salk

Developed the first polio vaccine.

Albert Sabin

Developed the oral polio vaccine.

Rosalind Franklin

Used X-ray crystallography to reveal DNA’s structure.

Watson and Crick

Discovered the double-helix structure of DNA.

Human Genome Project

Completed in 2003; mapped all human genes.

20th Century Medicine

Advances include antibiotics, imaging, organ transplants, and vaccines.

21st Century Medicine

Focus on biotechnology, precision medicine, telemedicine, and AI.