reptiles

describe the general amniotic egg (shell and inner contents)

thick shell, watery inside

amniotes are a ___phyletic group of tetrapod vertebrates

mono

what is the function of keratin in amniote skin?

waterproofing

3 and 4 chambered hearts allow for efficient… (2)

circulation, blood oxygenation

amniotes have more efficient lungs with _____ volume

increased

name the 4 extraembryonic membranes from closest to farthest from fetus

amnion, allantois, chorion, yolk sac

2 functions of amnion

cushions, prevents dehydration

allantois function

stores metabolic waste

chorion function

respiratory surface

yolk sac function

stores nutrients

do fetus and yolk sac grow/shrink at the same rate?

yes

what 2 things allow mother’s blood to come close to fetus’s and exchange material?

placenta and its villi

the placenta is a “deciduous organ”. what does this mean?

it is grown and shed as needed

do a fetus and mother’s blood mix?

no

do reptile hearts have a complete septum?

no

does the reptile heart pump all blood with the same pressure?

yes

are reptiles very efficient at respiration?

no

reptiles excrete nitrogenous waste in the form of…

uric acid

3 types of amniote skulls

synapsid, diapsid, anapsid

how many pairs of fenestrae (holes) are present in an anapsid skull?

0

how many pairs of fenestrae (holes) are present in an diapsid skull?

2

how many pairs of fenestrae (holes) are present in an synapsid skull?

1

which skull type do birds and reptiles have?

diapsid

do diapsid skulls allow for increased jaw articulation?

yes

anapsid skulls are considered an ______ trait

ancestral

what are the fenestrae (holes) in skulls for?

cheek muscles

turtles (testudines) secondarily evolved this skull type

anapsid

non-avian dinosaurs faced a mass extinction event ___ million years ago

66

3 main groups within non-avian reptiles

archosauria, lepidosauria, testudines

3 example organisms for clade archosauria

crocodilians, birds, dinosaurs

2 examples for clade lepidosauria

tuataras, squamates

2 example organisms for order testudines

turtles, tortoises

2 parts of turtle shells

dorsal carapace, ventral plastron

what are scutes?

plate-like scales

turtles’ ___ and _____ are fused together (bones)

ribs, vertebrae

do turtles have teeth?

no

instead of teeth, turtles use keratinized plates in their ___

beak

turtles have ____ hearing and vocalization due to their fused craniums

poor

turtles lay ___ and bury them under the _____

eggs, ground

is turtle fertilization internal or external?

internal

how to tell if turtle is male?

divot in plastron

in some turtle species, the environment’s _______ determines sex of hatchlings

temperature

lower temperatures will result in ____ hatchlings

male

higher temperatures will result in ____ hatchlings

female

3 example organisms for order squamata

snakes, lizards, worm lizards

_____ comprise 95% of non-avian reptiles

squamates

squamates’ kinetic skull with movable joints allows them to eat _____ prey

larger

what animals are part of order squamata, suborder sauria?

lizards

what is the common name for amphisbaenians?

worm lizards

do worm lizards have any trace of external hind limbs?

no

worm lizards’ eyes can be hidden under their…

skin

do worm lizards have external ear openings?

no

similar to an earthworm, worm lizard skin is formed by independently-moving ____

rings

what animals are part of order squamata, suborder serpentes?

snakes

most snakes have lost their _____ and _____ girdles (except boas and pythons)

pelvic, pectoral

snakes rely on _____ senses rather than sight or hearing

chemical

are snake eyes permanently covered by transparent eyelids?

yes

the jacobson’s organs help snakes with what sense?

smell

what is basically happening when a snake uses its jacobson’s organs?

smelling tip of tongue

what animals are part of clade lepidosauria, suborder sphenodonta?

tuataras

tuataras come from an ______ lineage

ancestral

currently, the 2 living species of tuatara live in…

new zealand

what is unique about the tuatara (relating to eyes)

they have a third parietal eye

what is the function of a tuatara’s third parietal eye?

regulates circadian rhythm

what animals are part of clade archosauria, suborder crocodilia? (4)

crocodiles, alligators, caimans, gharials

crocodilians have socketed _____, which allow for a stronger ___

teeth, bite

how can crocodilians breathe with a full mouth?

complete secondary palate

how many chambers do most reptile hearts have?

3

how many chambers do crocodilian hearts have?

4

which group of reptiles have the most complex maternal care of non-avian reptiles?

crocodilians

the texture of reptile egg shells are usually…

leathery

reptiles are homodonts and continuously replace their…

teeth