Dual Enrollment Biology Chapter 1 and Chapter 2 Lecture Review

Flashcards testing terminology, concepts, taxonomy, unifying themes, biological chemistry, and chemical bonding from Chapters 1 and 2 notes.

What is a cell?

A cell is the structural and functional unit of life, as well as the smallest, most basic unit of life.

What are the seven properties of life?

1. Order
2. Reproduction
3. Growth and development
4. Regulation
5. Energy processing
6. Response to environment
7. Evolutionary adaptation

How is reproduction defined and what are its two main forms?

Reproduction is the ability of organisms to reproduce their own kind. Its two forms are asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

How is growth defined in terms of biological processes?

Growth occurs where building processes outweigh breaking down processes.

What are stimuli?

Stimuli are changes within an environment.

What is metabolism?

Metabolism encompasses all the chemical reactions that occur in a cell.

What is homeostasis?

Homeostasis is a state of biological balance.

What is an adaptation?

An adaptation is any modification that makes an organism suited to its way of life.

What is taxonomy?

Taxonomy is the discipline of biology that identifies and classifies organisms according to certain rules.

What are the classification taxa in order from most inclusive (largest) to least inclusive (smallest)?

Domain (Largest), Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus, and Species (specific epithet - smallest).

What mnemonic device helps remember the order of classification taxa?

"Did King Phillip come over for great spaghetti?"

What are the three domains of life?

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya (with nucleus).

What are the four kingdoms of the domain Eukarya?

Fungi, Animals, Plants, and Protist (mostly unicellular). All undergo sexual reproduction.

What are the characteristics of Domain Bacteria?

Microscopic unicellular prokaryotes with no nucleus. They perform asexual reproduction, but can also have sexual reproduction.

What are the characteristics and examples of Domain Archaea?

Bacteria-like unicellular prokaryotes that perform asexual reproduction and live in extreme environments. Examples include Methanogens, Halophiles, and Thermoacidophiles.

What defines Domain Eukarya?

Unicellular or multicellular organisms whose cells have a membrane-bounded nucleus and perform sexual reproduction.

Who developed binomial nomenclature, and what are the rules for writing a scientific name?

Developed by Linnaeus. The first word is the Genus name (capitalized) and the second word is the Specific epithet (not capitalized). It is written in Latin (e.g., Homo sapiens).

What is an emergent property?

New characteristics and functions that appear when individual parts of a system interact.

What are the levels of biological organization from population to biosphere?

1. Population: Set of organisms within a particular area
2. Community: Collection of interacting populations
3. Ecosystem: Collection of communities
4. Biosphere: All the Earth's ecosystems combined

How is science defined?

Science is a way of knowing, an attempt to predict and explain natural phenomena, and an approach to understanding the natural world.

What is a scientific hypothesis, and what two qualities must it have?

A proposed explanation for a set of observations. It must be testable (possible to evaluate through the measurable universe) and falsifiable (potentially false).

What is a scientific theory?

A scientific theory is broad in scope and supported by a large body of evidence.

What is the difference between an independent variable and a dependent variable?

The independent variable is the factor that is changed or manipulated. The dependent variable is the measure used to judge the outcome of the experiment.

What is a controlled experiment?

An experiment compared to the experimental group that contains NO independent variable.

What are the distinct goals of science and technology, and how are they related?

Goal of Science: Understand natural phenomena. Goal of Technology: Apply scientific knowledge for some specific purpose. Both are interdependent because technological advances stem from scientific research, and research benefits from new technologies.

What are the five unifying themes of biology?

1. Evolution is the core theme of biology.
2. Life depends on the flow of information.
3. Structure and function are related.
4. Life depends on the transfer and transformation of energy and matter.
5. Life depends on interactions within & between systems.

What is biological evolution, and what is Darwin's phrase for his theory of evolution?

Evolution is the process of change that has transformed life on Earth from its earliest forms to the vast array of organisms living today. Darwin's theory is known as "descent with modification."

What molecule is responsible for heredity, and what is the direction of information flow in a cell?

DNA is responsible for heredity and programming cell activities by providing the blueprint for proteins. Information flows from DNA to RNA to Proteins.

What cellular example demonstrates the relationship between structure and function?

The long extensions of nerve cells enable them to transmit impulses from your spinal cord to your toes.

How does energy flow through an ecosystem?

Energy enters as sunlight, is converted to chemical energy by producers, is passed on to consumers, and exits as heat.

How does matter cycle in an ecosystem?

Matter cycles from the atmosphere and soil, through producers, consumers, and decomposers, and then back to the environment.

What is systems biology?

An approach where scientists attempt to model the behavior of biological systems by analyzing the interactions among their parts.

What are the definitions of matter, element, and compound?

Matter: Anything that occupies space and has mass. Element: Substance that cannot be broken down to other substances by ordinary chemical means. Compound: Substance consisting of $2$ or more different elements in a fixed ratio.

Which six elements make up $99\%$ of living matter?

CHNOPS: Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), Nitrogen (N), Oxygen (O), Phosphorus (P), and Sulfur (S).

What are the three subatomic particles of an atom, their charges, and their locations?

1. Neutrons: No charge, located inside the nucleus.
2. Protons: Positive charge, located inside the nucleus.
3. Electrons: Negative charge, orbiting the nucleus in the electron cloud.

What are atomic number and mass number, and how do you calculate the number of neutrons?

Atomic Number: Number of protons in an element. Mass Number: Sum of its protons and neutrons in the nucleus. To calculate the number of neutrons, subtract the atomic number from the mass number.

For Sodium ($\text{Na}$) with atomic number $11$ and mass number $22.99$, what are the numbers of protons, electrons, and neutrons?

Protons: $11$, Electrons: $11$, Neutrons: $12$ (calculated as $23 - 11 = 12$).

What is an isotope, and why are radioactive isotopes useful?

Isotopes are elements that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons. Radioactive isotopes are useful as tracers for monitoring the fate of atoms in living organisms.

What are the valence shell, orbitals, and electron configuration?

Valence Shell: The outermost shell. Orbitals: Where electrons are located. Electron Configuration: How an atom's electrons fill up different energy levels and sublevels around the nucleus.

What is electronegativity?

A measure of an atom's attraction for shared electrons.

What is the difference between non-polar covalent bonds and polar covalent bonds?

Non-Polar Covalent Bond: Electrons are shared equally. Polar Covalent Bond: Found in water; electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom.

What is a covalent bond?

A chemical bond where atoms do NOT transfer electrons, but actually share electrons between them.

What is an ionic bond?

A chemical link formed when one atom completely transfers one or more electrons to another atom.

What is an ion, cation, and anion?

Ion: An atom or molecule with an electrical charge resulting from the gain or loss of one or more electrons. Cation: Positively charged ion. Anion: Negatively charged ion.

What is a hydrogen bond?

A special type of attractive interaction between a hydrogen atom covalently bonded to a strongly electronegative atom (fluorine, oxygen, nitrogen / FON) and a lone pair of electrons on another nearby electronegative atom.

What occurs during a chemical reaction, and what are reactants and products?

A chemical reaction breaks existing chemical bonds and forms new ones, changing matter composition. Reactants are the starting materials, and products are the resulting materials.

What are cohesion, adhesion, and surface tension?

Cohesion: Tendency of molecules of the same kind to stick together. Adhesion: Clinging of one substance to another. Surface Tension: Measure of how difficult it is to break the surface of liquid.

What are thermal energy, heat, and temperature?

Thermal Energy: Energy associated with the random movement of atoms and molecules. Heat: Thermal energy in transfer from a warmer to a cooler body of matter. Temperature: Measures the intensity of heat.

What is evaporative cooling?

When a substance evaporates, the surface of the liquid that remains behind cools down.

What are solution, solvent, solute, and aqueous solution?

Solution: Liquid consisting of a uniform mixture of $2$ or more substances. Solvent: Dissolving agent, resulting from the polarity of its molecules. Solute: Substance that dissolves when water molecules surround it. Aqueous Solution: Mixture where a substance is completely dissolved in water.