exam 1 study questions

The first Americans arrived on the North American continent approximately _____

12-20 thousand years ago

Agriculture arose in North America (and the Western Hemisphere more generally)

3,000 years later than in Asia/eastern hemisphere

The crops most commonly grown by Native Americans, also called the “Three Sisters,” include all of the following except

Wheat

What is the best term to describe Native American ancestry/descent?

Matrilineal

What was the name of the largest city in the Mississippian Empire

Cahokia

What is the name of the Native American group who lived in Chaco Canyon?

Pueblo

Most Native Americans understood property rights as primarily relating to which of the following concepts?

Active use

How would you compare the freaky and marital freedom of Native Americans and Europeans before contact?

Native Americans enjoyed greater freaky and marital freedom

Under the leadership of Prince Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese emerged as an early sea power. Which of these inventions contributed to Portuguese sea-faring?

Astrolabe

Christopher Columbus sailed under the flag of which nation?

Spain

What was the name of the first native group that Columbus encountered?

Arawaks

Hernán Cortés relied on a native woman to conquer the Aztecs. What did he call her?

Doña Marina

Which of the following proved essential to the Spanish conquest of the Aztecs?

All of the above

In the 130 years after contact, approximately what proportion of Native Americans had died?

95%

All of the following crops were first introduced to Europe through the Columbian Exchange except

Grapes

What was the name of the most powerful Native American group in sixteenth-century Florida?

Calusa

What was the first permanent European settlement in the current American Southwest?

Santa Fe

The writings of which Spanish missionary most directly led to the development of the Black Legend?

Bartolomé de las Casas

The Northwest Passage allegedly promised a water-route to ____________

Asia

The expansion of the Iroquois pushed many Algonquian-speaking Indians into the “middle ground,” located in what region?

Great lakes

Which of the following European countries offered the most religious liberty?

Netherlands

Which of the following best describes the economic activity of the Dutch in New Netherlands?

Trade with Indians.

The Dutch used what kind of labor to construct New Amsterdam?

Enslaved Africans

England’s so-called “Golden Age,” that included the works of Shakespeare, occurred under the reign of which monarch?

Elizabeth I

In the late sixteenth century, England went to war with which nation?

Spain

Jamestown was established in a disastrous location. What proved to be the worst aspect of the location?

Brackish tidal water

What proved to be the salvation of Jamestown?

Tobacco

The Headright Policy promised which of the following?

50 acres for anyone paying the passage of an English immigrant to Virginia

When did slavery first emerge in Virginia?

The Dutch sold 20 Africans to Virginia colonists.

What year did the Dutch sell 20 African slaves to Virginia?

1619

Justification from African slavery partly derived from interpretations of a biblical curse placed on Noah. This curse was known as _______?

Curse of Ham

What country was Christopher Colombus from?

Italy

Who led the Pueblo Revolt?

Pope

The Spanish king adopted which of the following policies for enslaved Africans who escaped English territory to St. Augustine, Florida?

Slaves escaping from the English were freed

Puritans derived their theology primarily from which system of Christian thought?

Calvinist

Puritans led the revolt against King Charles I in what is now called

The English Civil War

What was the most common means for colonists to acquire Native American slaves?

War

What is the term that slaves used for the voyage across the Atlantic?

Middle Passage

Enslaved Africans sold in North America differed from most slave communities. What was the most important distinction?

Higher percentage of women

Most slaves were taken from which region in Africa?

West Africa

What is the current estimate of the number of Africans forcibly relocated from Africa to the New World?

11 to 12 million

Slave status was tracked through which family member?

Mother

What was a motivating factor in the creation of colonies such as Maryland, Connecticut, and Rhode Island?

Religion

Bacon’s Rebellion and King Phillip’s War occurred at approximately the same time, in Virginia and Massachusetts respectively. Both conflicts grew out of which of the following causes?

Hostiles with Indians

What crop led to the creation of large plantations and great wealth for the elite in the Carolinas?

Rice

The English survived the Yamasee War by developing an alliance with what powerful group?

Creeks

The Walking Purchase of 1737 seized land from Indians in which colony?

Pennsylvania

At the time of Spanish arrival, Tenochtitlán had approximately how many buildings?

70,000

Which animal figured prominently in the Ute creation story?

Coyote

Archaeological evidence points to settlements in both Central Texas and the eastern shore of Maryland around _________ years ago

14,500

By the end of the 15th century, the population of North America was approximately how many people?

4 million

Which of the following best describes the political structure of the agricultural site called Anaem Omot in northern Wisconsin?

Individual families in a largely decentralized egalitarian society

About 8,700 years ago, Mayans became among the first Indigenous Americans to cultivate maize. At what point did maize spread to the Gulf Coast?

4,000 years ago

What is the name of the food that consisted of pounded and dried bison meat mixed with fat and berries?

pemmican

What was the name of the largest city in pre-Columbian North America?

Cahokia

Where did the Lady of Cofitachequi rule?

lands between the future Carolinas and the lower Mississippi River

What was the name of the woman from the Erie nation who offered Peacemaker important, early support

Jigonhasse

What is the term that the Spanish used to describe their conquest of the Iberian Peninsula?

Reconquista

What was the name of the powerful ruler of the fourteenth-century Mali empire?

Mansa Musa

Which of the following most accurately describes the 1494 Treaty of Tordesillas?

Divided the Atlantic between Spanish and Portuguese spheres

Between 1500 and 1800, ___ Africans arrived in the Americas for every European

3

What made Columbus different from other seafarers?

He underestimated the size of the globe by two-thirds

What was the term for the land grant given to Spanish conquistadors?

encomienda

Which of the following best describes the Sistema de Castas?

a hierarchy of ethno-racial groups based on their supposed 'purity of blood'

What was the name of the largest and most complex chiefdom in the Florida Peninsula that Cabeza de Vaca encountered?

Apalachee

What is the name of the community that built the vast structures at Chaco Canyon?

Pueblo

What is the name of the Indigenous people that were rivals with the Taínos?

Kalinagos

Scholars use the term "chiefdom" for some Indigenous communities. All of the following are true about chiefdoms EXCEPT

Contain between 8-10 paramount chiefdoms

All of the following Indigenous groups lived in the American Southwest EXCEPT

Cofitachequi

Which of the following led Spanish forces in the Battle of Mabila?

Hernando de Soto

Which Indigenous group attacked the Spanish in 1656

Timucuan

Which of the following best describes "the Black Legend?"

Tales of Spanish atrocities against Indigenous people

What was the term for the region upriver from Montreal that stretched through the Great Lakes?

Pays d’en haut

Which of the following best describes the labor force in New Amsterdam

indentured servants

Which of the following Indigenous communities were NOT part of the Haudenosaunee?

Wenro

All of the following explain New England's population growth EXCEPT

Dutch immigration

In the English colonies, slavery differed from indentured servitude in all but which one of the following ways:

Slavery was not legal in every colony

Oliver Cromwell was the:

Leader of the Commonwealth of England

During the English Civil Wars, King Charles I:

was executed

The Restoration of Charles II resulted in all but which one of the following imperial reforms:

Creation of the Dominion of New England

During the 1600s, the English Empire in North America:

All of the above

Which of the following colonies was established as a refuge for Catholics?

Maryland

Although slavery existed throughout the English empire, this colony was the first in North America with a Black majority:

South Carolina

King Philip’s War decimated Native American populations in which region of English settlement:

New England

Conflicts between English colonists in Virginia and which two Native nations preceded Bacon’s Rebellion:

Doeg and Susquehannock