Pharm midterm 1

Pharmacology

Study of drug

Pharmacotherapy

treatment of disease with medicines

Pharmacotherapeutics

Field of medicine that studies drug use in the treatment of disease

Pharmacokinetics

Describes the “motion of drugs” and is used to indicate the study of the absorption, distribution, and metabolism and excretion of drug

Pharmacodynamic

study of the mechanisms of action of a drug

Controlled Substance

Drugs considered dangerous because of their potential for abuse or misuse and whose use is monitored by the Drug Enforcement Administration

C1

Heroin, LSD, Marijuana

C2

Cocaine, morphine, amphetamine

C3

Ketamine,thiamylal, Hydrocodone

C4

Diazepam, Phenobarbital, Butorphanol

C5

Buprenorphine

Carcinogenicity

has the ability or tendency to produce cancer

Teratongenicity

has the capacity to cause birth defects

Effective dose

the dose of a test drug that causes a defined effect in 50% of the animals that take it

Lethal dose

the dose of a test drug that kills 50% of the animals that are given it

Therapeutic index

relationship between the lethal drug dosage and the dosage that produces the desired effect with minimal or no signs of toxicity; an expression synonymous with margin of safety,

Toxicity Evaluation

A preclinical evaluated to determine the dosage at which a drug induces organ or tissue damage that may result in permanent injury or death

Generic Name

the official identifying name of a drug assigned by the U.S. Adopted Names (USAN) Counsil

Brand Name

The name of a drug that is registered with the U.S. Patent Office, is approved by the FDS, is usually capitalized, and which establishes proprietary recognition for the corporation the developed the drug

Drug Labels

Include drug name (generic and trade), Drug concentration, Drug quantity, Name/ address of the manufacturer, lot number and expiration date, withdrawal time, controlled substance status.

Written Prescriptions

Included Vet name, address, and telephone number, client’s name, address, species, and name of the patient, name of the drug, the strength of the drug and quantity to be given to patient, instructions, number of refills, Vet’s signature, and the date on which the prescription was written

Prescription Labels

Include name and address of dispenser, Client’s name, Animal’s name and species, Drug name, strength and quantity, date of the order, direction for use, refill info

Therapeutic range and safety of drugs

therapeutic range of a drug is the drug concentration in the body that produces the desired effect in the animals with minimal or no signs of toxicity.

Safety of drugs

Route of administration, drug dose, and dosage interval

Routes of Administration

How the drug is given or the way a drug enters the body. Ex. Parenterally, orally, and locally

Parenteral

Are given by a route other than gastrointestinal tract

Nonparenteral

oral drugs are given through the gastrointestinal tract

Drug movement and Action in the body

Pharmacokinetics in the physiological movement of drugs within the body and includes the mechanisms by which drugs move into, though, and out of the body. Four steps: Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, or biotransformation, Excretion

Lipophilic

Fat loving. Lipophilic drugs are chemicals that dissolve in fats or oils.

Hydrophilic

Water loving

Ionization

affect the movement of the drug

Bioavailability

percent of drug administered that enters the systemic circulation

Biotransformation of drugs

Drug metabolism. Chemical alteration of drug molecules by the body cells of patients to a metabolite that is in an activated form, an inactivated form, and/or a toxic form

Different receptors found in the nervous system and where are the located

Sensory (carry impulses toward the CNS) Associative (carry impulses from one neuron to another) Motor (carry impulses away from CNS)

Parasympathetic

(homeostatic system, normal heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood flow. GI function normal)

Sympathetic System

fight- or- flight system, increasing heart rate, respiratory rate, and blood flow to muscles. Decreases GI function)

Cholinergic drugs

also known as parasympathomimetics, mimic the action of the parasympathetic system.  They work by mimicking the action of acetylcholine or by inhibiting acetylcholine breakdown

Anticholinergic drugs

inhibit the action of acetylcholine by occupying the acetylcholine receptors.  These drugs are also referred to as parasympatholytics, antimuscarinic agents or antispasmotics. The major body tissues affected by the anticholinergic drugs are the heart, respiratory tract, GI tract, urinary bladder, eye and exocrine gland

Different type of heart problems

Congestive heart failure, Cardiac arrhythmias, alterations of blood pressure

Acepromazine

Phenothiazine derivatives Sedation/ relieves fear and anxiety

Side effects : Hypotension, lowered seizure threshold, protrusion of nictitating membrane, paraphimosis in horses

(Calming (Tranquilizers, Sedatives, and Antianxiety Drugs)

Acetylcysteine

Mucous Breaking (mucolytics)

( respiratory drug) Used to break up thick mucoid secretions in the airway to promote better respiration

Atipamezole

Alpha 2 antagonist is a Reversal Agent

Atropine

Is a Anticholinergic drug Used to preanesthetic agent also to produce bronchodilation

Side effects : Dry mouth, dry eyes, tachycardia Vomiting, constipation, urinary retention

( respiratory drug)

Aminophylline

Used to reverse CNS depression (CNS stimulants) (which causes bronchodilation)

Aspirin

Anticoagulants Inhibit clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors

Inhibits sticking of platelets Prevent thromboembolism associated w/ heartworm in small animals & cardiomyopathies in cats Bleeding, GI bleeding, vomiting Caution in use in cats

Butorphanol

Opioids Used for preanesthetic, analgesia

Codeine

Opioids Analgesic effects less than morphine, used as an antitussive in dogs

Antitussive in dogs Analgesic effects < morphine

Side effects: Rare Changes

class depending on what it’s mixed w/ acetaminophen

Detomidine

Better analgesia than Xylazine Sedation in horses & treating horses in pain w/ colic

Side effects: Severe cardiovascular & resp.

Sedated animals can still respond to stimuli (alpha 2)

Dexmedetomidine

Alpha- 2 agonists Preanesthetic agent, sedative, and analgesia

Dogs over 6 months, cats over 5 months Preanesthetic agent, sedative, analgesia 40 min dogs, 60 min cats Dosed on body surface area, not weight Side effects: Contraindicated in animals w/ cardiac, liver, kidney disease, seizures, very young/old animals

IM REVERSAL: antisedan or atipamezole “doggykitty magic” (combo)

Diazepam

Anticonvulsants/ Benzodiazepines Rapid succession for epileptic seizures. Muscle relaxation and reduce anxiousness

Valium, Vazepam C-IV Tx of status epilepticus Works by inc. GABA

Side effects: CNS excitement (contradictory response), weakness

Other: IV

Digitalis

Cardiac Glycoside

Increase the strength of cardiac contractions, decrease heart rate, have an antiarrhythmic effect,and decreases the signs of dyspnea

Diphenhydramine

Antihistamines Block the effects of histamine, a chemical released from mast cells that combine with H1 receptors on bronchiole smooth muscle to cause bronchoconstriction

Benadryl ChloroTrimeton Atarax Hy-drox-uh-zeen Used in prevention of heaves & feline asthma For allergic rxns (bug bites, vaccine rxns)

Side effects:CNS depression & anticholinergic effects (dry mouth, urinary retention) Antihistamines block effects of histamine

Dobutamine

Synthetic Catecholamines Used to treat heart failure. Increases the force and rate of myocardial contractions, which increases cardiac output; the constrict peripheral blood vessels, which increases blood pressure, and the increase blood glucose levels

side effects: Tachycardia, hypertension, cardia arrythmias

Doxapram

CNS stimulants Used to reverse CNS depression

Stimulates brain to inc. respiration in animals w/ apnea or bradypnea Given sublingually Common when animal has C-section

Dopamine

Synthetic Catecholamines Used to treat shock and congestive heart failure. Increases the force and rate of myocardial contractions, which increases cardiac output; the constrict peripheral blood vessels, which increases blood pressure, and the increase blood glucose levels

Precursor to norepinephrine (A1/B1) Causes inc. in heart contractility, HR, BP

Side effects : Tachycardia, dyspnea, & vomiting

others: Used in treating acute heart failure, severe shock, oliguric renal failure

Epinephrine

Synthetic Catecholamines Increases heart rate. Increases the force and rate of myocardial contractions, which increases cardiac output; the constrict peripheral blood vessels, which increases blood pressure, and the increase blood glucose levels

Bronchodilation (A&B), raises blood glucose, inc. HR & contractility, used as cardiac stimulant following cardiac arrest

Side effects : Possible development of arrhythmias & hypertension IC, IT, IM, SQ, IV Be cautious w/ different solutions

Etorphine

Opioids Used in zoo and exotic animals for immobilization

Flumazenil

Reversal agent for diazepam/ zolazepam

Furosemide

Diuretics

Inhibit reabsorption of sodium and chloride in the loop of Henle, reducing the ability of the kidneys to concentrate urine

Side effects: Hypokalemia, dehydration

Glycopyrrolate

Anticholinergic Drugs Used mostly as preanesthetic Similar to atropine, but w/ longer duration of action

Side effects : Tachycardia, constipation, dry mouth, dry eye, drowsiness

Guaifenesin

Anesthetic Skeletal muscle relaxant used in combo w/ anesthetic drug to induce gen. anesthesia in horse

Heparin

Anticoagulants Inhibit clot formation by inactivating one or more clotting factors

Heparin Prevents conversion of prothrombin to thrombin Treat heart disorders (thromboembolism) Doesn’t break down clots, prevents them from getting bigger

Side effects: Bleeding & thrombocytopenia

Hydrocodone

Opioids Used as an antitissue. Treat some behavior problems in dogs & cats (impulsive licking)

side effects : Sedation, vomiting

Isoflurane

inhalant anesthetic Nonflammable that causes rapid induction of anesthesia and short recovery

Isoflurane

General anesthesia: rapid induction & short recovery

Side effects : Resp. depression, malignant hyperthermia

Isoproterenol

Synthetic Catecholamines Used mainly to cause bronchodilation. Increases the force and rate of myocardial contractions, which increases cardiac output; the constrict peripheral blood vessels, which increases blood pressure, and the increase blood glucose levels

Beta activity Used in tx of cardiac arrhythmias & bronchial constriction

Side effects :Tachycardia, weakness, tremors

Not frequently used

Ketamine

Dissociative Anesthetic

Medetomidine

Alpha- 2 agonists Sedative and analgesia

Norepinephrine

Synthetic catecholamines Used mainly to increase blood pressure

Oxymorphone

Opioids Used for sedation and analgesia

10x more potent than morphine Sedation & analgesia

Side effects:Can cause CNS excitement in horses

IV, IM, SQ Shouldn’t be mixed w/ barbiturates in same syringe bc it causes precipitates

Pentobarbital

Anticonvulsants/ Barbiturates

C-II Useful in controlling seizures caused by toxins (Strychnine) IV Used in euthanasia solutions Short acting

Side effects: Resp. depression, hypothermia

Phenobarbital

C-IV Depresses the motor centers of cerebral cortex Increase in liver enzymes

Side effects: Ataxia, drowsiness, liver damage, resp. depression,

PU/PD, polyphagia Tablet, elixir, IV Anticonvulsant drug of choice in dogs & cats Long acting

Phenytoin

Anticonvulsants Commonly used in humans but has undesirable side effects in animals Used in euthanasia solutions

Potassium bromide

Anticonvulsants Used as an adjunct to anticonvulsant therapy

side effects :Electrolyte imbalance, vomiting

Orally Long half life Wear gloves Has to be compound

Propranalol

Beta Blockers Used to treat cardiac arrhythmias and cardiac disease in animals

Side effects: Bradycardia, lethargy, depression To treat hypertrophic cardiomyopathy & some ventricular arrhythmias

Propofol

Hypnitic anesthetic agent Sort- acting injectable anesthetic

Short-acting; hypnotic; rapid & smooth induction when given slowly IV Cardiac arrythmias, apnea

Cause apnea if given too rapidly Cross placenta & excrete into milk Produce Heinz body anemia

Recovery: dogs (20 min), cats (30 min) 1 bolus= 2-5 min

Silver nitrate

Hemostatic drugs (Topical) Promote the clotting of blood

Astringent properties to stop capillary bleeding Staining of skin & clothing

Telazol

Tiletamine Provides better analgesia than ketamine

C-III Better analgesia than ketamine IV Ocular lubricants needed

Temaril- p

Antitussives Suppress coughing Antitussive and antipruritic & a corticosteroid

Side effects : Sedation & depression, hypotension, GI upset

Terbutaline

Beta- 2 Adrenergic Agonists Used in life- threatening situations

side effects :Tachycardia, CNS excitement, weakness

Xylazine

Alpha-2 angonist/ Synthetic Catecholamines Analgesia and used in horses for pain with colic. Tranquilizer/ sedative

Rompun be combined w/ Ketamine for short term procedures Caution w/ cattle

Side effects Profound cardiovascular depression, hypoventilation, cyanosis, hyperglycemia

Horses may seem sedated, but can still kick Vomiting in cats REVERSAL: yohimbine, antisedan

Yohimbine

Adrenergic blocking agents/ Sympatholytics Reversal agent for xylazine

Alpha 1:

increase BP; cause constriction of arterioles

Alpha 2:

sedation & analgesia; blocks release of norepinephrine

Beta 1:

increase HR, contractility, conduction

Beta 2

Beta 2: bronchodilation