BIOAO2 - Module 1

Entire surface

How do bryophytes take up water?

Archegonium

Reproductive structure of female gametophyte of bryophyte

Antheridium

Reproductive structure of male gametophyte of bryophyte

Spermatozoid

Bryophyte, antheridium produce …

Seta

Bryophyte structure supporting spore capsule

No

Do bryophytes have cuticles?

Hydrophobic

Cuticles are … (hydrophilic or hydrophobic)

Wet

Bryophytes like it …

Flagellae

Tails of spermatozoid

2

Spermatozoid has # flagellae

Chemo detectors

Spermatozoids also have … to find female gametophytes to swim in moist layer of water

Seta, sporophyte, capsule

Bryophytes diploids: 3

Antheridium, archegonium, egg, gametophyte, protonema, spermatozoid

Bryophyte haploids: 6

Sporophyte, diploid

Short lived generation in bryophytes and diploid or haploid?

Gametophyte, haploid

Longer lived generation in bryophytes and diploid or haploid?

Spores

Which unit of bryophyte life cycle is wind dispersed?

Gametophyte, protonema

Photosynthetic in bryophytes: 2

ProtonemaOlde

Female and male gametophytes grow on this structure in bryophytes

Liverwort

Oldest bryophyte

Hornworts, liverworts, mosses

Diversity from small to large bryophytes (3)

Hornworts, mosses, liverworts

Youngest to oldest bryophytes (3)

Bryophytes, lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

Oldest to youngest of all the plants studying (5)

Angiosperms

Largest of all the plants groups

Hornworts

Smallest of all the plant groups

Green algae

Ancestor of all green plants

1300 million

When did green algae first evolve? … years ago

3700 million

First bacteria evolved … years ago

Xylem, phloem

Water transport in bryophytes is slow and ineffectual because they lack (2)

Backbone

The tubing vascular system is used for water transport and provides a … for non woody plants to stand upright and tall

Rhizoids

Bryophytes have … instead of roots

Top, evaporation

Cuticles are thicker on the … to avoid instant … when sun hits

Uptake

Bryophytes have no or little cuticle making quick loss and quick … of water which is why they like it wet

2m

Typical spermatozoid swimming distance

Chemotaxis

When spermatoizoids can taste/smell chemically the presence of a female bryophyte gametophyte

Pressure

Bryophytes spores shoot into environment because when ripe, they apply … to the capsule

Spermatozoid

Water dependent bryophyte dispersal

Spores

Wind dependent bryophyte dispersal

Gametophytic

Bryophyte generation that is photosynthetic

Haploid

Gametophytic generation is haploid or diploid?

Diploid

Sporophytic generation is haploid or diploid?

Gymnosperms

Welwitschia, Gnetum, Gingko, Conifers, and Ephedra belong to

True ferns, horsetails, whisk

What 3 groups belong to ferns?

Lycophytes

Clubmosses, quillworts, and spikemosses belong to…

Angiosperms

Flowering plants are also known as…

Antheridium

What organ produces spermatozoids in ferns?

Stomata, vascular tissue

What 2 important inventions occured in lycophytes?

Clubmosses, quillworts, spikemosses

What 3 groups belong to lycophytes?

Conifers, ephedra, ginkgo, gnetum, welwitschia

What 5 groups belong to gymnosperms?

Conifers

Of all the gymnosperms, which has the highest number of species?

Double fertilizations, flowers

What 2 inventions are found in angiosperms?

Seeds, wood

What 2 inventions happened to gymnosperms?

Lycophytes, ferns, gymnosperms, angiosperms

What are the 4 groups of vascular plants?

Lycophytes

Of the vascular plants which is the oldest group?

Angiosperms

Of the vascular plants, which group is the youngest?

Stomata

The consistent presence of cuticles in lycophytes needed the evolution of breathing pores for gas exchange called

Xylem

Purple: Xylem or phloem?

Phloem

Blue: Xylem or phloem?

Carbiniferous

Environment that is warm and moist with mix of lycophytes with hella coal made

True

Largest group of ferns

75

What percentage of fern species are found in tropics?

Sporophyte, diploid

Dominant generation of ferns and lycophytes

Gametophyte, haploid

Dominant generation of bryophytes

Sori

Mature fern leaf sporophyte (diploid) have clusters of … on the underside of leaf

Sporangia

Fern sporus are made of pinhead structures called …

Spores

Fern sporangium are hollow with ripe … which pop when ripe

Prothallium

In ferns and lycophytes, this is the haploid gametophyte

Prothallium

Where are archegonia (F) and antheridia (M) found in ferns and lycophytes?

Rhizoids

Other than archegonia and antheridia, what is also found on the underside of prothallium?

Green

Prothallium loses … when the leaf can support itself

Haploid

Fern and lycophyte rhizoids are …

Diploid

First true roots of ferns are …

Ferns, lycophytes

In what groups do both sporophyte and gametophyte generations photosynthesize?

Spores

Long distance dispersal in ferns (wind)

Spermatozoid

Short distance dispersal in ferns (water)

Prothallium

What part of ferns/lycophytes have NO cuticle?

Carbinoferous, jurassic

Peak diversity of ferns are from … to … era

Carboniferous

Gymnosperms were first found in … era

Male

Gymnosperms cones with pollen sacs and pollen grains

Female

Gymnosperm cones with ovule and single egg inside

Appendices

Male pollen grains (gymnosperms) have 2 hollow … to give better uplift

Seed

When egg cell is fertilized by pollen grain (cones, gymnosperms), this makes a …

Bract

Ripe cone seed is supported by the … of female cone

Gymnosperms

Which group has the longest gestation period of 2 years?

Wood

Key gymnosperm invention that allowed weight support for hella sizes

Cretaceous

Which era where angiosperms DOMINANT in?

Sporophyte, diploid

What generation is dominant in gymno/angio sperms?

Sporophytic, diploid

Which generation in gymno/angio sperms photosynthesize?

Bryophytes

Which group does the sporophytic generation NOT photosynthesize (only 1)

Ferns, lycophytes

Which group do both sporophytic and gametophytic generations photosynthesize? (2)

Gymnosperm, angiosperm

Which group does the gametophytic generation NOT photosynthesize (2)

Spore capsule

What these are

B

What letter did stomata leaves evolve?

Seta, protonema, dominance of gametophyte

What 3 characteristics are unique to just bryophytes?

Gymnosperms, angiosperms

Which 2 produce seeds?

Antheridium

What is this? (Bryophytic)

Conifer, gymnosperms

A christmas tree is a … which is under…

Alteration of generations, spermatozoids

What occurs in both bryophytes and ferns? (2)

Archegonium

What is this? Bryophytic

Sorus

Ew what is this?

Sorus

Wtf is this