Chapter 5: The Skeletal System

: What two subdivisions make up the skeletal system?

: Axial and appendicular skeleton.

: What bones are in the axial skeleton?

: Skull, vertebral column, ribs, sternum, hyoid bone.

: What bones are in the appendicular skeleton?

: Limbs, clavicle, scapula, pelvis, hands, feet.

: What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?

: Support, protection, movement, storage (minerals/fat), hematopoiesis.

: What is hematopoiesis?

: Production of blood cells in red bone marrow.

: What is the Haversian system (osteon)?

: A circular unit of compact bone with a central Haversian canal containing blood vessels and nerves.

: What are osteocytes?

: Mature bone cells that maintain bone.

: What are osteoblasts?

: Cells that build and form new bone tissue.

: What are osteoclasts?

: Cells that break down bone.

: What are the four types of bones?

: Long, short, flat, irregular.

: Give examples of long bones.

: Femur, humerus, radius.

: Give examples of short bones.

: Carpals, tarsals.

: Give examples of flat bones.

: Skull bones, ribs, sternum.

: Give examples of irregular bones.

: Vertebrae, pelvis.

: Define: condyle/epicondyle.

: Rounded projection that forms a joint with another bone.

: Define: malleolus.

: Bony bump on ankle.

: Define: foramen.

: Hole/opening in bone (ex: foramen magnum).

: Define: meatus.

: Canal-like passage (external acoustic meatus).

: How does a male skeleton differ from a female skeleton?

: Male pelvis is narrower and heavier; female pelvis is wider and lighter.

: What is the diaphysis?

: Shaft of a long bone.

: What is the epiphysis?

: Ends of a long bone.

: What is the periosteum?

: Outer covering of bone.

: What is compact bone?

: Dense, strong bone tissue.

: What is spongy bone?

: Porous bone with trabeculae, contains red marrow.

: What is the marrow cavity?

: Hollow area in diaphysis; contains marrow.

: What is red marrow?

: Makes blood cells.

: What is yellow marrow?

: Stores fat.

: What is articular cartilage?

: Smooth tissue covering bone ends in joints.

: What is the epiphyseal plate?

: Growth plate where long bones grow in length.

: What is ossification?

: Bone formation from cartilage.

: Types of fractures?

: Simple, compound, comminuted, greenstick.

: What is a simple fracture?

: Bone breaks but does not pierce skin.

: What is a compound fracture?

: Bone pierces skin.

: What is a comminuted fracture?

: Bone shatters into pieces.

: What is a greenstick fracture?

: Partial break, common in children.

: Do fractures heal well?

: Yes, most heal well with treatment and immobilization.

: What bone does not articulate with any other?

: Hyoid bone.

: How many types of ribs are there?

: Three: true, false, floating.

: What are true ribs?

: Ribs 1-7, attach directly to sternum.

: What are false ribs?

: Ribs 8-12, indirect or no attachment.

: What are floating ribs?

: Ribs 11-12, no attachment to sternum.

: How many cervical vertebrae are there?

: 7.

: How many thoracic vertebrae?

: 12.

: How many lumbar vertebrae?

: 5.

: What is the atlas (C1)?

: Supports skull, nods "yes".

: What is the axis (C2)?

: Allows rotation of head, "no".

: What is the sacrum?

: 5 fused vertebrae at base of spine.

: What is the coccyx?

: Tailbone, 4 fused vertebrae.

: What are intervertebral discs?

: Shock absorbers between vertebrae.

: What is scoliosis?

: Lateral spine curve.

: What is lordosis?

: Swayback, inward lumbar curve.

: What is kyphosis?

: Hunchback, outward thoracic curve.

: What bones form the pelvic girdle?

: Ilium, ischium, pubis.

: What are the three types of joints?

: Fibrous (no movement), cartilaginous (slight), synovial (freely movable).

: Examples of fibrous joints?

: Skull sutures.

: Examples of cartilaginous joints?

: Vertebrae, ribs to sternum.

: Examples of synovial joints?

: Knee, hip, shoulder.

: What is a ball and socket joint?

: Freely moving joint (hip, shoulder).

: What is a hinge joint?

: Opens and closes like a door (elbow, knee).

: What is a pivot joint?

: Rotation (atlas and axis).

: What is a saddle joint?

: Allows thumb movement.

: What is osteoarthritis?

: Wear-and-tear joint degeneration.

: What is gout?

: Uric acid crystal buildup in joints.

: What is rheumatoid arthritis?

: Autoimmune joint destruction.

: What is bursitis?

: Inflammation of bursa.

: What is tendonitis?

: Inflammation of tendon.

: What is a sprain?

: Torn or stretched ligament.

: What is carpal tunnel syndrome?

: Wrist nerve compression.

: What is a herniated disc?

: Disc bulges out of place.

: What is osteoporosis?

: Low bone density; fragile bones.

: What is rickets?

: Vitamin D deficiency; weak bones.

: What is gigantism?

: Excess growth hormone in childhood.

: What is acromegaly?

: Excess growth hormone in adults.