General Chemistry Review – Chemical Bonding, Molecular Geometry, Inter-molecular Forces & Stoichiometry

A comprehensive set of Q&A flashcards covering chemical bonding, molecular shape, intermolecular forces, stoichiometry, solution concentration and nomenclature as discussed across the lecture’s 30 pages of multiple-choice questions.

What type of bond exists between metal cations and the sea of free electrons?

Metallic bond

How many covalent bonds does the central carbon atom form in CCl₄?

Four

A covalent bond becomes weaker as which property increases?

Bond length

Which molecule contains C═S double bonds?

CS₂

An atom with electron configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s¹ bonded to an atom with configuration 1s²2s²2p⁶3s²3p⁵ forms what kind of bond?

Ionic bond

Relative to covalent, ionic and metallic bonds, Van der Waals forces are .

Much weaker

Which compound forms hydrogen bonds between its own molecules?

Ethanol, C₂H₅OH

Bromine forms a covalent molecule with which of the following elements: Li, K, Ca or H?

Hydrogen (HBr)

Arrange the halogen molecules in order of increasing boiling point.

F₂ < Cl₂ < Br₂ < I₂

The most useful criterion for predicting bond type is the difference in .

Electronegativity

Which statement is incorrect: Cl₂ has a non-polar covalent bond; CaF₂ has covalent bonds; KCl is ionic; NH₃ is polar covalent?

"CaF₂ has covalent bonds" is incorrect (it is ionic).

Compared with a π bond, the σ bond releases energy upon formation.

More (σ bonds are stronger)

Which molecule has a non-zero dipole moment: BF₃, CCl₄, Cl₂ or PCl₃?

PCl₃

Which compound cannot hydrogen-bond to water: HF, NH₃, C₃H₈ or CH₃OH?

Propane, C₃H₈

Which substance is most soluble in water: I₂, NH₃, PH₃ or CH₄?

Ammonia, NH₃

Which species can form a coordinate (dative) bond: H⁺, Na⁺, H·, K⁺?

Neutral hydrogen atom, H·

Among H-I, N-H, H-Cl, H-Br, which bond is most polar?

H-Cl

The carbon atoms in butane (C₄H₁₀) are hybridised as .

All sp³

London dispersion forces are greatest between which homonuclear molecule: Br₂, Cl₂, H₂, N₂?

Br₂

A σ molecular orbital formed by end-on overlap of two p_x orbitals occurs in which molecule?

Br₂

In which molecule is carbon sp²-hybridised: C₂H₆, C₂H₄, C₂H₂ or CO₂?

C₂H₄

Bonding in O₂ consists of .

One σ and one π bond (a double bond)

VSEPR predicts what shape for OF₂?

Bent (angular)

Which polar molecule is most water-soluble: CH₄, HCl, I₂, NH₃?

NH₃

Which quantum number determines spatial orientation of an orbital?

Magnetic quantum number (mℓ)

Which of the following contains solely covalent bonds: H₂O, NH₃, MgBr₂, Al₂Cl₆?

H₂O or NH₃ (both covalent; H₂O accepted)

Geometry of nitrate ion NO₃⁻ is .

Trigonal planar

Which compound is NOT ionic: CaS, LiF, MgO, CF₄?

CF₄

Inter-molecular dipole–dipole forces are forces.

Attractive

For molecules of similar molar mass, rank the inter-molecular forces from strongest to weakest.

Hydrogen bonding > dipole–dipole > London dispersion

Water boils much higher than H₂S because .

Hydrogen bonds exist between H₂O molecules but not between H₂S molecules

Total bonding pairs and lone pairs in CF₄ are .

4 bonding pairs and 12 lone pairs on the fluorine atoms (16 electron pairs total)

328 g Ca(NO₃)₂ contain how many nitrogen atoms?

24.08 × 10²³ atoms

Volume at STP occupied by 4.6 g NO₂ is .

2.24 L

Molecules with two bonding pairs and two lone pairs (AX₂E₂) have what shape?

Bent (angular)

Molecules with three bonding pairs and no lone pair (AX₃) have bond angles of .

120° (trigonal planar)

Which substance exhibits the strongest hydrogen bonding: H₂O, H₂S, NH₃, HCl?

H₂O

Which molecule has a non-zero dipole moment: Cl₂, BeCl₂, CH₄ or H₂S?

H₂S

Molarity of HNO₃ solution that is 15.55 % w/w with density 1.09 g mL⁻¹ is approximately .

2.7 M

Pressure exerted by 15 mol O₂ in 81 L at 25 °C is closest to .

4.58 atm

A compound containing 61.6 % F and 38.4 % Cl has the formula .

ClF₃

Among common nitrogen fertilisers, which contains the highest percentage of nitrogen?

NH₄NH₂ (ammonium hydrazinate) – 80 % N by mass

In 0.1 M BaCl₂ the ion concentrations are .

[Ba²⁺] = 0.1 M ; [Cl⁻] = 0.2 M

Molarity of a NaHCO₃ solution made by dissolving 51 g in 2 L is .

0.3 M

What is the molarity of 26 % (w/w) NaOH solution with density 1.08 g mL⁻¹?

7 M

How many grams KCl are needed to make 300 g of a 5 % solution?

15 g

Maximum-oxidation nitrogen oxide has empirical formula .

N₂O₅ (option X₂O₅)

Correct formula for ammonium sulfate is .

(NH₄)₂SO₄

Formula unit produced by K⁺ with PO₄³⁻ and Li⁺ with SO₄²⁻ are .

K₃PO₄ and Li₂SO₄

Correct formula showing ratio Ba²⁺ : NO₃⁻ is .

Ba(NO₃)₂

Magnesium nitride has Mg:N ratio .

3 : 2

Sulfur exhibits oxidation numbers in its oxo-acids/oxides.

+2, +4, +6 (among others)

Magnesium phosphate formula is .

Mg₃(PO₄)₂

Oxidation number of S in Fe₂(SO₄)₃·3H₂O is .

+6

Which formula is incorrect: SiH₄, PH₃, MgH₂, HF?

MgH (should be MgH₂)

Combustion of sulfur forms .

Sulfur dioxide, SO₂

Correct pair of formulas: iron(III) sulfate and iron(III) sulfide are .

Fe₂(SO₄)₃ and Fe₂S₃

Which naming pair is correct: potassium sulfite – K₂SO₃; sodium carbonate – Na₂CO₃; magnesium nitrate – Mg(NO₃)₂; calcium phosphate – Ca₃(PO₄)₂?

All except “potassium sulfite – K₂S” (that one is wrong)

Decomposition of 100 g CaCO₃ yields how many grams CaO + CO₂ at STP?

44.8 L CO₂ corresponds to 2 mol; mass CaCO₃ = 200 g required

The nitrate ion NO₃⁻ contains how many electron pairs around N?

Three bonding pairs; no lone pair

Which molecule has the largest bond angle among BCl₃, CH₄, H₂O, PH₃?

BCl₃ (120°)

Van der Waals forces increase down the H₂X series; the strongest are in .

H₂Te

SF₆ contains how many regions of electron density around S and what bond angles?

Six regions; 90°

Trigonal-bipyramidal shape is found in .

PCl₅

A linear AB₂ molecule with no lone pairs is expected to be in polarity.

Non-polar

YCl₃ is trigonal planar. Y therefore belongs to which periodic group?

Group IIIA (13)

An AB₃ molecule with no lone pair has geometry .

Trigonal planar

Which propane family member has an sp² hybridised carbon?

Propene, C₃H₆

Instantaneous dipoles and induced dipoles dominate in which molecule?

Br₂ (London forces)

Which molecule is polar: CO₂, CCl₄, CHCl₃, C₆H₁₄?

CHCl₃

Pure s–p overlap sigma bonds are found exclusively in which diatomic?

H₂ (or N₂ for s-p? — accepted: N₂ has sp overlap)

Which molecule has the smallest bond angle: AlCl₃, BeCl₂, CCl₄, NCl₃?

NCl₃ (approximately 107°)

Hybridisation of P in PCl₅ is .

sp³d

Which pair lists bonds in order of increasing polarity?

H-H < H-Cl

Which molecule violates the octet rule: CCl₄, NH₃, SiO₂, BF₃?

BF₃

Geometry of BeCl₂ (gaseous) is .

Linear

Which C-C bond is strongest: in CH₄, C₂H₆, C₂H₂ or C₂H₄?

C₂H₂ (triple bond)

An ionic compound containing both covalent and ionic bonds is .

NH₄Cl

The cation and anion of NaCl are isoelectronic with .

Argon (Ne for Na⁺? Actually 10e Na⁺ ↔ Ne; Cl⁻ 18e ↔ Ar) – bond is ionic

For ions isoelectronic with Ar, a 1:1 ionic compound forms between Group IA cation and Group VIIA anion.

True

Stoichiometry: Neutralising 0.2 M H₂SO₄ (300 mL) requires how many grams 12 % NaOH solution?

Approximately 35 g

Inter-action of Cu with dilute HNO₃ (400 mL, 1 M) consumes 9.6 g Cu and releases 2.24 L NO at STP.

Yes – limiting reagent Cu

Combustion of 64 g O₂ with carbon yields 24 g C and forms 88 g CO₂ occupying 44.8 L at STP.

Correct stoichiometry

Electron with n=3, l=1 belongs to 3p subshell; the oxide it forms (e.g., SO₂) has geometry .

Bent, 104–120° (option: bent 104.5°)

Period-2 Group-IIIA element bonded to Group-VIIA element gives h-bridization sp², trigonal planar, 120° (example BF₃).

Yes

Reduction of 60 g CuO by 5.6 L H₂ yields 48 g Cu; percent yield? (~75 %).

Approximately 75 % Cu recovered

Formation of NH₄Cl from 180 g reactant gives 34 g NH₃; reaction yield is about .

55 %

Combustion of 32 g CH₄ needs what O₂ volume at STP?

89.6 L O₂

Complete list of oxidation numbers nitrogen exhibits in its oxides: +1 to +5.

+1, +2, +3, +4, +5

Which oxide of nitrogen has empirical formula NO?

Nitric oxide, NO