Ch. 9 Digestive System

Accessory Organs

Salivary glands, liver, pancreas, and gallbladder

Abdomino

Abdomen, abdominal

Ano

Anus

Appendico

Appendix

ase

Enzyme

Bili

Bile

Bilirubino

Bile pigment

Bucco

Cheek

Ceco

Cecum

cele

Hernia

Celio

Abdomen

Chezia

Defecation

Cheilo

Lip

Chole

Gall/bile

Choleangio

Bile duct

Cholecysto

Gallbladder

Choledocho

Common bile duct

Colo, colono

Large intestine, colon

Denti, dento, odonto

Teeth

Dia

Through, throughout, completely

Diverticulo

Diverticulum

Duodeno

Duodenum

ectasia, ectasis

Dilation, expansion, distension

Emesis

Vomiting

Endo, ento

within, inner, containing

Entero

Small intestine

Esophago

Esophagus

Gastro

Stomach

Gingivo

Gingivae, gums of the mouth

Glosso, linguo

Tongue

Hepato

Liver

Hernio

Hernia, rupture, protrusion of part of a structure through the tissues containing it

Ileo

Ileum

Jejuno

Jejunum

Labio

Lips

Laparo

Abdominal wall

Litho

Stone

lysis

Separation, loosening, dissolving, destruction

Oro

Mouth

Ostomy, stomy

Artificial or surgical creation of an opening

Pancreato

Pancreas

Pepsia

Digestion

Peritoneo

Peritoneum

Phagia

Eating, swallowing

plasty

Plastic repair, plastic surgery, reconstruction

Polypo

Polyp

Procto

Rectum

rrhea

Flow, discharge

scope, scopy

Action involving the use of an instrument for viewing

Sialo

Saliva, salivary gland, salivary duct

Sialadeno

Salivary gland

Sigmoido

Sigmoid colon

Spleno

Spleen

Stomato

Mouth

tomy

Incision into, cutting

Uvulo

Uvula

Viscero

Internal Organs

Mechancial Digestion

Chewing of food, then the stomach churns the food and finally the small intestine absorbs the foods.

Mastication

Chewing

Chemical Digestion

The work stomach acids, bile and enzymes do by breaking large carbohydrate, lipid, protein, and nucleic acid molecules into subcomponents of nutrients.

Peristalsis

The contraction of the smooth muscle fibers that run in circular and longitudinal directions within the digestive tract that enable the food to move from one organ to the next.

Hernia

When the contents of a body cavity bulge out of the area where they are usually contained. Can be congenital, acquires or recurrent.

Inguinal Hernias

Occur in the groin area and be either direct or indirect.

Direct hernias

Arise because of the weakening of the abdominal wall, common in older adults

Indirect hernias

Result from protrusion through the internal inguinal ring, are often congenital and can occur at any age.

Hiatal Hernias

Anatomical abnormalities of the stomach protrudes or herniates through the opening of the diaphragm and up into the chest.

Umbilical Hernias

Common and caused by an opening in the abdominal wall.

Ventral hernias

Occur at the site of previous abdominal surgery and are called an incisional hernia

Diaphragmatic Hernias

Occur when there is an abnormal opening in the diaphragm. Can be acquired or congential.

Parastomal Hernias

When the intestines press outward near a stoma.

Polyps

Abnormal growths of tissue projecting from a mucous membrane. Frequently occur in the lining of the large intestine aka the colon. Come in various shapes including flat, slightly raised, or on a stalk (pedunculated). Often benign but can become malignant.

Pedunculated

A growth, tumor, or tissue mass is attached to the body by a narrow stalk or stem

Malignant

An abnormal growth of tissue; another term for cancerous

Neoplasm

An abnormal mass and excessive growth of tissue. Can be benign or malignant.

Gastrointestinal (GI) Bleed

Refers to every form of hemorrhage in the gastrointestinal tract from the esophagus to the rectum. Can range from microscopic bleeding to massive bleeding. Has many causes i.e.: esophageal varices, Mallory Weiss tears, peptic ulcer disease, diverticular disease, hemorrhoids,and fissures.

Gastroenteteritis

An infection or irritation of the digestive tract, particularly the stomach and intestines. Most common symptoms include: nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Can be caused by a virus or bacteria.

Oral Cavity

Includes the mouth and its associated structures: soft and hard palates, teeth, gums, tongue and salivary glands.

Incisors

Teeth in the front of the mouth. They are shaped like chisels and are useful in biting off large pieces of food. Each person has 8 (4 on the top and 4 on the bottom).

Cuspids

The pointy teeth immediately behind the incisors. Also called canines. These teeth are used for grasping or tearing food. Each person has 4 ( 2 on the top and 2 on the bottom).

Molars

The flattened teeth used for grinding food. They are the farthest back in the mouth and their number can vary.

Cleft Lip/ Palate

Congenital conditions resulting from abnormal facial development during gestation. Can affect the lip, soft palate and even the nasal cavities and is corrected by surgery.

Cleft

A fissure, opening, or gap, resulting in a deformity.

Pharynx

A 5 inch tube located behind the mouth and serves as an airway and a passageway for food. Aids in the closure of the nasopharynx and larynx when swallowing to keep the food out the respiratory tract and in the digestive tract.

Dysphagia

A swallowing disorder. Any condition that causes impairment of the movement of solids and fluids from the mouth, down the throat and into the stomach. Can make an individual susceptible to aspiration pneumonia.

Esophagus

Long straight tube, about 10 inches long that descends from the pharynx, passes through the diaphragm, and continues into the stomach.

Diaphragm

A muscular and membranous partition that separates the chest cavity from the abdominal cavity.

Barrett’s Esophagus

An abnormal growth of stomach or intestinal cells at the distal end of the esophagus. These tissue changes can lead to cancer of the lower esophagus. May be caused by chronic gastroesophageal reflux disease.

Esophagitis

An inflammation of the lining of the esophagus. If left untreated, this condition can become very uncomfortable, causing problems with swallowing, ulcers and scarring of the esophagus. Infections like candida and herpes, medications i.e. aspirin or NSAIDS can cause onset. Exposure to gastric acids will erode the esophagus. Can also cause the esophagus to constrict, causing esophageal stricture.

Esophageal Varices

Extremely dilated submucosal veins in the lower end of the esophagus are most often caused by portal hypertension and cirrhosis of the liver. Have a strong tendency to develop bleeding.

Mallory- Weiss Tear

Occur in the mucous membrane of the esophagus, where it connects to the stomach. Tears are usually caused by forceful or long term coughing or by epileptic convulsions. The tear may be followed by vomiting bright red blood or by-passing blood in the stool.

Stomach

A large chamber that receives liquids, solids, and semisolid foods from the esophagus. Has 4 parts: cardia, fundus, body (corpus gastricum), and antrum (pylorus). It digests food received from the esophagus and passes the partially digested food (chyme) into the duodenum.

Corpus Gastricum

Aka Body of the stomach

Pylorus

Aka antrum

Gastritis

Acute or chronic inflammation of the stomach. Most common cause helicobacter pylori or H. pylori. Can also be caused by long term of NSAIDs, and alcohol.

Peptic Ulcer Disease

A sore or opening in the inner lining of the stomach or duodenum. Ulcers develop when the intestine’s or stomach’s protective layer is broken down. The digestive juices can damage the intestine or stomach tissue as well as the esophagus. Most common causes: H. pylori and prolonged usage of NSAIDs.

Peptic ulcers

May also be referred to as gastric or stomach ulcers.

Small intestine

A coiled muscular tube that occupies the central and lower abdomen.Divided into the duodenum, jejunum, and ileum.

Duodenum

First portion of the small intestine. Connected to the stomach and it about 10 inches long. Small ducts from the pancreas, liver and gallbladder open into it via the hepatopancreatic ampulla (Ampulla of of Vater).

Jejunum

The middle third of the small intestine. About 7.5 feet long.

Ileum

Approximately 12 feet long, is the last and longest section of the small intestine. Most of the absorption of food takes place here. Connects to the large intestine.