Ap world history heimler key terms

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Song China (1200-1450)

• emphasized confucianism (hierarchial human society) and carried it over from the Tang dynasty, creating neo-confucianism

• fillial piety - emphasized the necessity and virtue of kids honoring their elders

• Imperial bureaucracy - government that carries out the will of the emperor through hierarchy and civil service exam

• commercialization of economy - makers made more goods (porcelain and silk) than they consumed and sold across eurasia

• agriculture/transportation innovations - champa rice and expansion of grand canal

Dar Al-Islam (1200-1450)

• Abbasid Caliphate dominated until 1200, then Seljuks, mamluks, and delhi sultanates took over

• Seljuk Empire - took over part of Abbasid Caliphate and became main power

• dominance of arab muslim empires as fading as turkic muslim ones took over

• significant advances in mathmatics

• preserved greek philosophy by translating them

• House of Wisdom in Baghdad - lot of scholarly works established under abbasid empire

• expansion of muslim rule through military expansion, muslim merchants, muslim missionaries

South/Southeast Asia (1200-1450)

• Hindu, Buddhist, and islamic

• Bhakti movement - emphasized devotion to just one hindu god and mounted challenges to social/gender hierarchies

• Delhi sultanate struggled to keep muslim control over hindu population

• Rival hindu states - rajput kingdoms, vijayanagara empire, majapahit kingdom, sultanate of malacca, khmer empire

Americas (1200-1450)

• Aztec Empire - created an elaborate system of tribute states, slaves places a large role in their religion for human sacrifice

• Inca Empire - developed an elaborate bureaucracy with a rigid hierarchy of officials spread throughout the empire, used mit’a system to provide labor on state projects

• Mississippian Culture - large towns, cohokia people

Africa (1200-1450)

• Swahili civilization - politically independent with common social hierarchy, deeply influenced by muslim traders

• Ghana, Mali, Great Zimbabwe - powerful african states that grew wealth through trade

• Ethiopia - one christian state in africa

Europe (1200-1450)

• Dominated by Christianity - mainly eastern orthodox and roman catholicism

• Byzantine Empire - remains of roman empire, eastern orthodox, turned into Kievan Rus under the same religion and branch

• church had significant influence over everything

• feudalism - vassals recieved land from their lords in exchange for military service

• manorialism - piece of land that was rented out to peasants that worked the land for protection

Silk Roads (1200-1450)

• luxury goods trading network across eurasia

• mainly chinese silk and porcelain

• caravanserai - series of inns along the roads that provided safety and rest stops, significant cultural/technological transfers

• money economies/flying money - uses paper money to facilitate exchange

• credit/banking houses

• led to the rise of powerful trading cities (Kashgar) that flourished because of their location along these roads

Indian Ocean Network (1200-1450)

• thourough understanding of monsoon winds made this possible

• more common goods like textiles and spices

• magnetic compass, astrolabe, and new ship designs

• fostered the growth of states, like the swahili city states

• establishment of diasporic communities, like arab and persians in east africa

• new languages emerged

• Zheng He - sent by ming dynasty to go throughout the indian ocean to enroll states into chinas tributary system and spread chinas technologies to the area

Trans-Saharan Trade Network (1200-1450)

• camel saddle

• led to wealthier mali empire through gold trade and merchant taxing

• Mansa Musa - further monopolized trade bwteen the north and central africa

Cultural Consequences of Trade (1200-1450)

• transfer of religion - buddhusm to china via silk roads

• literary and artistic transfers - house of widsom translating greek/roman classics into arabic

• scientific/technological innovations - gunpowder from china being spread through trade to muslim empires and europe

• rise of cities - hangzhou in china became increasingly wealthy and urbanized

• fall fo cities - baghdad got conquered by mongol armies

• travelers who wrote about their experiences - marco polo, ibn battuta

Environemental Consequences of Trade (1200-1450)

• transfer of crops - champa rice from china

• trandfer of disease - bubonic plague from china to europe and middle east

Mongol Empire (1200-1450)

• established largest land-based empire of all time

• networks of exchanges increased in size and popularity

• increase in communication and cooperation

• Pax Mongolia - peace of the mongols

• facilitated significant technological and cultural transfers - created condtions for medical knowledge to europe, adopted uyghur script

Ottoman Empire (1450-1750)

• adoption of gunpowder weapons

• conquered constatinople

• Jannissaries/Devshirme - enslaved christian boys, converted them to Islam, and turned the best into an elite fighting force, or elite postions in their bureaucracy

• Sunni muslim - believed that muhammads successor shouild be anyone spiritually fit

Safavid Empire (1450-1750)

• adoption of gunpowder weapons

• enslaved christian boys to become soldiers like ottomans

• shi’a muslim - believed that only blood relatives of muhammad could be successors

Mughal Empire (1450-1750)

• took over Delhi sultanate

• adoption of gunpodwer weapons’

• Akbar (mughal ruler) was tolerant of all kinds of belief systems, though mostly was a sunni muslim state

• most prosperous empire of the 16th century

• Safavid-Mughal Conflict - over land, sunni-shi’a rose tensions, no clear victor

Qing Dynasty/Manchu Empire (1450-1750)

• mongols established yuan dynasty, then ming dynasty rose when mongols fell

• yuan dynasty - ethnically han

• manchu people took over and set up qing dynasty

• adoption of gunpowder weapons

Legitimized/Consolodated Power (1450-1750)

• formation of large bureaucracies - devshirme system

• development of military professionals - jannissaries

• religious art, ideas, and architecture - divine right of kings, imperial portraits in china, sun temple of cusco in americas, palace of versailles in france

• innovations on tax collection systems - zamindar system in mughal empire, tax farming in ottoman empire, tribute lists by aztec rulers

Belief Systems (1450-1750)

• christianity - protestant reformation and counter/catholic reformation

• islam - safavid empire ruler claimed that they would adhere to shi’a islam, putting them in tensions with other sunni muslim empires around them

• sikhism - syncretic blend of both hindu and islam

Causes of European Exploration (1450-1750)

• adoption and innovation of maritime technologies - magnetic compass, lateen sail, astrolabe, caravel ship

• improved understanding of regional wind patterns

• growth of state power - centralization of power to monarchs, incentive for sea-based routes because of land empires controlling land trade

• economic - mercantilism, exports more than imports, joint stock companies (dutch east india company/british east india company)

Portugal (1450-1750)

• prince henry the navigator

• established trading post empires along indian ocean and east africa

Spain (1450-1750)

• christopher columbus

• found americas and established trans-atlantic trade and various trading post empires

• colonial power over phillipines

France (1450-1750)

• state sponsored voyages

• establishment of land in canada

• fur trade with natives

• mainly focused on trade

England (1450-1750)

• sir walter raleigh

• esablished first colony in north america

Dutch (1450-1750)

• became most prosperous european state

• strategic control of locations throughout indian ocean and monopoly over spice trade

Columbian Exchange (1450-1750)

• transfer of new diseases, food, plants, and animals between the new and old world

• disease - smallpox, malaria, and measles to natives (great dying)

• food/plants - greatly affected populations; wheat, rice, sugar, bananas, olives and grapes to natives; maize and potatoes to europe

• animals - sheep, pigs, cattle to natives, horse impacted natives very postively

Resistance to Colonialism (1450-1750)

• tokugawa japan - relatively open to trade until europeans started spready christianity, shut down ports and remained isolationist with dutch exception

• fronde - france rebellions against absolutism and abuse of power

• maroon societies - runaway slave societies in brazil/caribbean that fought against colonial powers

Expansion of African States (1450-1750)

• asante empire - supplied gold, slaves, and ivory to european traders

• kingdom of the kongo - made strong diplomatic ties with the portuguese and gave them gold, copper, and slaves

Change/Continuity (1450-1750)

• indian ocean network - entrance of european powers, still mostly entirely controlled by vasious asian land-based empires

• opening of atlantic system - sugar, silver that satisfied chinese demand and developed chinese economic commercialization, coerced labor

• labor systems - mit’a system used by spanish for silver mining, chattel slavery, indentured servitude, encomienda system, hacienda

• belief systems - jesuit missonaries that spread christianity, syncretism

• social hierarchies - ethnic and religious diversity, rise of new political elites, struggles of existing elites

African Slave Trade (1450-1750)

• gender imbalances in africa

• changing family structures

• cultural synthesis

Enlightenment (1750-1900)

• applied new ways of understanding to the natural world and human relationships

• rationalism - reason over emotion/external authority

• empiricism - true knowledge is gained through the senses

• shift of authority from external (gods/religion) to ideas from people

• deism and atheism

New Political Ideals (1750-1900)

• individualism -

• natural rights - indivuals born with certain rights that are unalienable

• social contract - societies must construct govts to protect natural rights

Effects of Enlightenment (1750-1900)

• backbone for major revolutions

• expansion of suffrage

• abolition of slavery

• end of serfdom

Causes of rebellion (1750-1900)

• rise of nationalism

• political dissent

• enlightenment ideals

Revolutions (1750-1900)

• american revolution

• haitian revolution

• french revolution

• latin american revolutions

development of imperialism (1750-1900)

• political - competition between european nations

• cultural/religious - racism, social darwinism, european superiority, christian missionary activity

• economic - search for new resources, cheap labor, markets

state power shifts (1750-1900)

• shift from private to state control - british east india company, dutch east india company,

• warfare/diplomacy - europe powers in asia, berlin conference, scramble for africa, motivated by competition among industrialized nations

• expanding emripes - japan, usa, russia

• settler colonies - australia and south africa

internal/external factors influencing states (1750-1900)

• resisting imperialism - indian rebellion of 1857, moari wars

• resistance to direct rule - ghost dance in usa, greek war of independence from ottomans

• religion inspired resistance - xhosa cattle killing, sokoto caliphate, mahdist states

• nationalism - greek independence, indian rebellion of 1857