Chapter 8: Human Growth and Development

growth and development

process that begins with birth and does not end until death. it spans an individuals lifetime

growth

measurable physical changes that occur throughout an individuals life

development

is the process of becoming fully grown

infancy

birth to 1 year

early childhood

1-6 years

late childhood

6-12 years

adolescence

12-18 years

early adulthood

20-40 years

middle adulthood

40-65 years

late sdulthood

65 years and older

physical

body growth and includes height and weight changes, muscle and nerve development, and changes in body organs

mental

mind development. refers to intellectual development and includes learning how to solve problems, make judgments, and deal with situations

emotional

feelings. includes dealing with love, hate, joy, fear, excitement, and other similar feelings

social

interactions and relationships with others

growth and development types

four types above occur in each stage and has its own characteristics and includes specific developmental tasks and individual must master

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

Erik Erickson was a psychoanalyst who identified the eight stages of psychosocial development that must be mastered to meet needs

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

a basic conflict or need must be met in each stage

Erikson's stages of psychosocial development

belief that if an individual is not able to resolve conflict at the appropriate stage, they will struggle with the same conflict later on in life

erikson's stages of psychosocial development

each life stage also creates certain needs in individuals

erikson's stages of psychosocial development

sex, race, heredity, culture, life experiences, and health status can cause different needs

factors can affect life stages and needs

injury or illness usually has a negative effect and can change needs or impair development

infancy: physical development

muscular and nervous systems are very immature at birth

reflexes

certain ____________ actions are present at birth and allow i facts to respond to the environment

moro or startle reflex

a loud noise or sudden movement

the rooting reflex

in which a slight touch on the cheek causes the mouth to open and head to turn

the sucking reflex

caused by the slight touch of on the lips

the grasp reflex

in which the infant grasps an object placed in his/her hand

muscle coordination in early stages: at first

infants are able to lift the head slightly

muscle coordination in early stages: by 2 to 4 months

they can usually roll from side to back, support themselves on their forearms when prone, and grasp or try to reach objects

muscle coordination in early stages: by 4 to 6 months

they can turn the body completely around, accept objects handed to them, grasp stationary objects such as bottle, and with support, hold the head up while sitting.

muscle coordination in early stages: by 6 to 8 months

can sit unsupported, grasp moving objects, transfer objects from one hand to the other, and crawl on the stomach

muscle coordination in early stages: by 8 to 10 months

can crawl using knees and hands, pull themselves to a sitting or standing position, and use good hand-mouth coordination to put things in their mouth.

muscle coordination in early stages: by 12 months

frequently can walk without assistance, grasp objects with the thumb and fingers, and throw small objects.

infants

are born without teeth, but usually have 10 to 12 teeth by the end of their first life

infancy: vision

poor at birth and limited to black and white and eye movements aren't coordinated

infancy: vision

close vision is good, in color and can readily focus on small objects

infancy: mental development

respond to discomforts such as pain, cold, or hunger by crying

infancy: mental development

as needs are met, the gradually become more aware of their surroundings and begin to recognize individuals with associated with care

speech: at birth

they are unable to speak

speech: by 2 to 4 months

they coo or babble when spoken to, laugh out loud, and squal with pleasure

speech: by 6 months

they understand some words and can make basic sounds, such as "mama" and "dada"

speech: by 12 months

they understand many words and use single words in their vocabularies

emotional development: newborns

show excitement

emotional development: by 4 to 6 months

distress, delight, anger, disgust, and fear can often be seen

emotional development: by 12 months

elation and affection for adults is evident

emotional development

event that occur in the first year of life when these emotions are first exhibited can have a strong influence on a babies emotional behavior as adults

social development: by 4 months

they recognize their caregivers, smile readily, and store intently at others

social development: by 6 months

they watch the activities of others, show signs of possessiveness, and may become shy or withdraw when in the presence of strangers

social development: by 12 months

they may still be shy with strangers, but they socialize freely with familiar people, and mimic and imitate gestures, facial expressions, and vocal sounds

social development: infants

are dependent on others for all their needs

physical development: early childhood

slower than during infancy

physical development: early childhood

skeletal and muscle development helps child assume a more adult appearance

physical development: early childhood

muscle coordination allows child to run, climb, and move freely

physical development: early childhood

legs and lower body tend to grow more rapidly than do the head, arms, and chest

physical development: early childhood

as muscles of fingers develop, child learns to write, draw, and use a fork and knife

physical development: by age 2-3

most teeth have erupted and digestive system is mature enough to handle most adult foods

physical development: between 2 and 4

most children learn bladder and bowel control

mental development: 2 years old

have short attention spans but are interested in many different activities

mental development: 4 years old

ask frequent questions and usually recognize letters and some words

mental development: 6 years old

are very verbal and want to learn how to read and write

emotional development: age 1 to 2

self-awareness and recognize the effect they have on others or on things

emotional development: by age 2

begin self-confidence and are enthusiastic about learning new things

emotional development: by age 2

temper tantrums occur when they can't perform as desired

social development: early years

•are usually strongly attached to their parents (or to individuals who provide their care), and they fear any separation

•they begin to enjoy the company of others, but are still very possessive

social development: later years

•learn to put "self" aside and begin to take more of an interest in others

•learn to trust other people and make more of an effort to please others by becoming more agreeable and social

physical development: late childhood

most primary teeth are lost and permanent teeth erupt

physical development: late childhood

muscle coordination is well developed

physical development: late childhood

engage in more activities that require more complex motor-sensory coordination

mental development: late childhood

reading and writing should be learned, learn to use information to solve a promblem, memory becomes more complex

mental development: late childhood

understand more abstract concepts such as loyalty, honesty, values and morals

emotional development: age 6

often frightened and uncertain as they begin school

emotional development: ages 10 to 12

sexual maturation and changes in body functions can lead to periods of depression followed by periods of joy

social development: 7 years old

tend to like activities they can do themselves

social development: 8 to 10

tend to be more group-oriented and form groups with member of own sex

social development: 8 to 10

more ready to accept others opinions

social development: 10 to 12

make friends more easily

social development: 10 to 12

begin to develop increases awareness of opposite sex

social development: 10 to 12

move away from parents and dependency

physical development: adolescence

sudden growth spurts can cause rapid increase in weight and height

physical development: adolescence

muscle coordination does not occur quickly which leads to clumsiness

puberty

development of sexual organs and secondary characteristics

mental development: adolescence

increase in knowledge and sharpening of skills

mental development: adolescence

learn to make decisions and accept responsibility

emotional development: adolescense

is often stormy and in conflict

social development: adolescence

involves spending less time with family and more time with peer groups

social development: adolescence

seek security in groups of people their own age with similar problems and conflicts

adolescents

need reassurance, support, and understanding

eating disorders

often develop from an excessive concern for appearance

anorexia nervosa

person drastically reduced food intake or refuses to eat at all

bulimia

more common in females

bulimia

usually, psychological or psychiatric intervention is needed to treat either of these conditions

bulimia

psychological disorder in which a person alternately binges and then fasts

chemical abuse

use of alcohol or drugs with the development of a physical and/or mental dependence on the chemical

reasons chemicals used

•trying to relieve stress or anxiety

•peer pressure

•escape from either emotional or psychological problems

•experimentation

•seeking "instant gratification"

•hereditary traits or cultural influences

suicide

one of the leading causes of death in adolescents

suicide

impulsive nature of adolescents increases the possibility of _______________

suicide

most give warning signs

suicidal verbal statements

"i'd rather be dead" or "you'd be better off without me."

suicide

sudden change in appetite or sleeping habits

call for attention and help

should never be ignored and they usually respond with efforts of assistance