Organic Chem 30 Unit review

For my chem 30 bros out here

Inorganic compounds don’t have

Carbon-hydrogen bonds

Alkane/ene/ynes are

Aliphatic

Alkanes

A saturated-(SINGLE BOND) Aliphatic hydrocarbon

Alkane basic formula

CnH2n+2

Isomers

A compound with the same molecular formula, however a different physical structure

The more branching,

The lower the boiling point

The more branching,

The more melting point

Cycloalkanes

Saturated (single bonded) hydrocarbons that contains a ring formation of carbons

Cyclo prefix:

Cyclo______

Alkene

Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons. DOUBLE BOND. More acidic

Alkynes

Unsaturated aliphatic hydrocarbons (TRIPLE BOND)

Alkene basic formula

CnH2n

Alkyne basic formula

CnH2n-2

Aromatics

Benzene. These compounds are responsible for many smells. Contain structures with a rotating double bond called a resonance structure

If benzene is attached to a branched hydrocarbon, it becomes an additional function group called

Phenyl

Halocarbons

Organic compounds where one or more hydrogens is replaced by a halogen, which are branches

Naming a halogen

Use the “-o” suffix for these. Eg: Chloro, Bromo…

Alcohols

Organic compounds that contain the hydroxyl (OH) functional group

Alcohol has a what boiling point

A high boiling point, due to H-bonds between molecules. They are polar

Naming an alcohol

Drop the “-e” suffix for “-ol”, like ‘___ol’. Eg: ethanol, Heptan-1,7-diol

Carboxylic acids (R-COOH)

A carbonyl group + hydroxyl group. ALWAYS polar.

Carboxylic acid has a what melting point

Higher melting point due to higher LDF’s and H-bonds

Naming a Carboxylic acid

“-e” suffix becomes an “-oic acid”. Example: pentanOIC ACID

Esters

When a Carboxylic acid reacts with an alcohol. This is a type of condensation reaction

Naming an ester

The root is the “_______”. Suffix changed to “-oate”, and the alcohol gets a branch name (-yl). Example: ButylEthanoate , EthylEthanoate

Polars

Halogens, alcohols, acids, esters

Non-polars

Alkane/ene/ynes

Longer chains have a

Higher boiling point

More compact molecules do what

Dissolve better, lower boiling point

Factorial Distillation

Separates different petrochemicals (hydrocarbons) based on their molecular mass and boiling point. The lighter, less branched petrochemicals are heated to boil first, rising to the highest point. This separation is based on boiling point and creates a variety of products. TEMPERATURE DECREASES TOWARD TOP OF THE TOWER.

Solvent extraction

Solvent is added to selectively dissolve & remove an impurity or to separate useful product from a mixture.

Bitumen refining

Based on molar mass and boiling point. It’s initially separated by using steam where lightest hydrocarbons are boiled off. Residual compounds are distilled and sent to the COKER for upgrading and cracking into useful compounds

Cracking

Chemical process in which larger compounds are broken down into smaller ones

Thermal cracking

Uses extremely high temperatures BUT created **large quantities of coke. (Solid carbon)**

Catalytic cracking

Main cracking. Uses a catalyst to speed up the reaction. Produces **less residual products like tar, asphalt and** ***coke*****.**

Hydrocracking

Combines catalytic and hydrogenation and produces **no coke**

Catalytic reforming

Chemical process that converts molecules in gasoline into aromatic gasoline molecules, gasoline will burn bettee

Alkylation

Improves quality of fuel by increasing branching of molecules

The more branching and combustion,

The lower the boiling point

The more carbons and higher the boiling point,

The higher the forces of LDF’s and energy output

Complete combustion

Burning of an organic combine in access amounts of oxygen to create H20 + CO2. Lots of heat produced

Addition

Unsaturated reacting with a halogen/water (double or triple bonded)

Subtraction

Occurs when a saturated hydrocarbon / benzene reacts with a diatomic halogen and an acidic halogen. NO ENE/YNE

Elimination

When an alkyl halide reacts with a hydroxide ion to form an alkene, a halide ion and water . Allows for a formation of a stable alkene. CALLED DEHYDROHALOGENATION

Condensation (esterfication)

Reaction of an alcohol + Carboxylic acid. Created an ester and H20.

Polymers

Large molecules made of chains of monosomers. Can occur naturally or synthetically

addition polymerization

Process that is started with a free radical, which is a species with an unpaired electron.

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