Manual Completo de Anatomía Veterinaria: Planimetría, Osteología Craneal, Axial y Apendicular Canina

Posición Anatómica Standard

Estación cuadrúpeda firmemente apoyada en las cuatro extremidades, con la cabeza erguida mirando al frente y alineada con el cuello.

Plano Mediano

Plano vertical longitudinal que atraviesa el cuerpo desde la cabeza a la cola, dividiéndolo en dos mitades simétricas: izquierda y derecha.

Plano Sagital

Plano vertical trazado de forma paralela al plano mediano que divide al cuerpo en secciones derecha e izquierda asimétricas.

Plano Dorsal (Frontal)

Plano horizontal perpendicular a los planos mediano y transversal que divide al cuerpo en sección dorsal (superior) y ventral (inferior).

Plano Transversal

Plano perpendicular al eje longitudinal del cuerpo o estructura que divide al animal en secciones craneal y caudal.

Medial vs. Lateral

Medial indica mayor proximidad al plano mediano; lateral indica orientación hacia el exterior o alejada de dicho plano.

Craneal vs. Caudal

Craneal indica dirección hacia la cabeza; caudal indica dirección hacia la cola.

Oral vs. Aboral

Términos usados en la cabeza: oral indica proximidad a la boca o punta del hocico; aboral indica orientación opuesta a la boca o hacia la nuca.

Dorsal vs. Ventral

Dorsal señala dirección hacia el lomo o parte superior; ventral señala dirección hacia el abdomen o piso corporal.

Proximal vs. Distal

Términos para miembros/apéndices: proximal indica mayor cercanía al tronco u origen; distal indica mayor lejanía.

Vista Palmar

Superficie flexora o de apoyo de la mano en el miembro torácico.

Vista Plantar

Superficie flexora o de apoyo del pie en el miembro pélvico.

Escápula (Scapula) - Lateral Surface Features

Includes the scapular spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, acromion, supraglenoid tubercle, and glenoid cavity.

Escápula (Scapula) - Medial Surface Features

Includes the serrated face, subscapular fossa, scapular neck, infraglenoid tubercle, and coracoid process.

Húmero (Humerus) - Proximal Epiphysis

Features the head, neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, and intertubercular groove.

Húmero (Humerus) - Distal Epiphysis

Features the olecranon fossa, radial fossa, trochlea, capitulum, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, and supratrochlear foramen.

Radio (Radius) - Structural Landmarks

Consists of the head, trochlea, fovea capitis, neck, articular circumference, radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, and styloid process.

Ulna - Structural Landmarks

Includes the head, olecranon, olecranon tuberosity, anconeal process, trochlear notch, radial notch, medial and lateral coronoid processes, and styloid process.

Huesos del Carpo (Carpal Bones) - Proximal Row

Composed of the accessory carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, and intermedio-radial carpal bone.

Huesos del Carpo (Carpal Bones) - Distal Row

Composed of carpals I, II, III, and IV.

Hueso Coxal (Hip Bone) - Three Main Divisions

Composed of three fused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Hueso Coxal (Hip Bone) - Lateral Features

Features the acetabulum, acetabular fossa, acetabular notch, ischial spine, and obturator foramen.

Fémur (Femur) - Proximal Epiphysis

Includes the femoral head, fovea capitis, femoral neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, trochanteric fossa, and intertrochanteric crest.

Fémur (Femur) - Distal Epiphysis

Includes the intercondylar fossa, medial and lateral condyles, trochlea, medial and lateral epicondyles, patella, and trochlear groove.

Tibia and Fíbula (Fibula) - Key Features

Includes the medial and lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, head of the fibula, popliteal notch, and medial/lateral malleoli.

Huesos del Tarso (Tarsal Bones) - Proximal & Intermediate Rows

Includes the talus (astrágalo), calcaneus (calcáneo with calcaneal tuberosity), and central tarsal bone.

Neurocráneo (Neurocranium) Bones

Occipital, temporal, parietal, interparietal, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, pterygoid, and vomer bones.

Esplacnocráneo (Viscerocranium) Bones

Incisive, maxillary, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine, mandibular bone, hyoid apparatus, and ventral nasal concha.

Atlas (C1) - Key Features

Features a dorsal arch, ventral arch, lateral vertebral foramen, alar notch, wings of the atlas, and transverse foramen.

Axis (C2) - Key Features

Features the dens (odontoid process), cranial articular surface, transverse process, transverse foramen, spinous process, and cranial/caudal vertebral notches.

Vertebral Column Segments

Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal segments.

Esternón (Sternum) Components

Consists of the manubrium, individual sternebrae, xiphoid process, and xiphoid cartilage.

Escápula (Scapula) - Lateral Surface Features

Includes the scapular spine, supraspinous fossa, infraspinous fossa, acromion, supraglenoid tubercle, and glenoid cavity.

Escápula (Scapula) - Medial Surface Features

Includes the serrated face, subscapular fossa, scapular neck, infraglenoid tubercle, and coracoid process.

Húmero (Humerus) - Proximal Epiphysis

Features the head, neck, greater tubercle, lesser tubercle, and intertubercular groove.

Húmero (Humerus) - Distal Epiphysis

Features the olecranon fossa, radial fossa, trochlea, capitulum, lateral epicondyle, medial epicondyle, and supratrochlear foramen.

Radio (Radius) - Structural Landmarks

Consists of the head, trochlea, fovea capitis, neck, articular circumference, radial tuberosity, ulnar notch, and styloid process.

Ulna - Structural Landmarks

Includes the head, olecranon, olecranon tuberosity, anconeal process, trochlear notch, radial notch, medial and lateral coronoid processes, and styloid process.

Huesos del Carpo (Carpal Bones) - Proximal Row

Composed of the accessory carpal bone, ulnar carpal bone, and intermedio-radial carpal bone.

Huesos del Carpo (Carpal Bones) - Distal Row

Composed of carpals I, II, III, and IV.

Hueso Coxal (Hip Bone) - Three Main Divisions

Composed of three fused bones: the ilium, ischium, and pubis.

Hueso Coxal (Hip Bone) - Lateral Features

Features the acetabulum, acetabular fossa, acetabular notch, ischial spine, and obturator foramen.

Fémur (Femur) - Proximal Epiphysis

Includes the femoral head, fovea capitis, femoral neck, greater trochanter, lesser trochanter, trochanteric fossa, and intertrochanteric crest.

Fémur (Femur) - Distal Epiphysis

Includes the intercondylar fossa, medial and lateral condyles, trochlea, medial and lateral epicondyles, patella, and trochlear groove.

Tibia and Fíbula (Fibula) - Key Features

Includes the medial and lateral condyles, tibial tuberosity, head of the fibula, popliteal notch, and medial/lateral malleoli.

Huesos del Tarso (Tarsal Bones) - Proximal & Intermediate Rows

Includes the talus (astrágalo), calcaneus (calcáneo with calcaneal tuberosity), and central tarsal bone.

Neurocráneo (Neurocranium) Bones

Occipital, temporal, parietal, interparietal, frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, pterygoid, and vomer bones.

Esplacnocráneo (Viscerocranium) Bones

Incisive, maxillary, nasal, lacrimal, zygomatic, palatine, mandibular bone, hyoid apparatus, and ventral nasal concha.

Atlas (C1) - Key Features

Features a dorsal arch, ventral arch, lateral vertebral foramen, alar notch, wings of the atlas, and transverse foramen.

Axis (C2) - Key Features

Features the dens (odontoid process), cranial articular surface, transverse process, transverse foramen, spinous process, and cranial/caudal vertebral notches.

Vertebral Column Segments

Divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal segments.

Esternón (Sternum) Components

Consists of the manubrium, individual sternebrae, xiphoid process, and xiphoid cartilage.