Pharynx and larynx

nasopharynx, oropharynx, laryngopharynx

The 3 parts of the pharynx

Pharynx

Extends from cranial base to inferior border of cricoid cartilage anteriorly, inferior border of C6 vertebra posteriorly

Nasopharynx

Portion of pharynx posterior to nose and superior to soft palate

Nasopharynx

Respiratory function

Nasopharynx

Abundant lymphoid tissue

Nasopharynx

Posterior extension of nasal cavities

Oropharynx

Common pathway for food/air

Oropharynx

Posterior to mouth

Laryngopharynx

Posterior to larynx

Laryngopharynx

Posterior to larynx

Laryngopharynx

Portion of pharynx that is the terminal inferior portion

Laryngopharynx

Lateral walls are formed by middle, inferior pharyngeal constrictor muscles

Laryngopharynx

Communicates with larynx through laryngeal inlet

Salpingopharngeal fold

Extends inferiorly from medial end of pharyngotympanic tube

Salpingopharyngeal fold

covers salpingopharyngeal muscle

Salpingopharyngeal muscle

Opens pharyngeal orifice of pharyngotympanic tube during swallowing

Palatine tonsils

Lie between palatine arches

Palatine tonsils

Lie superficial to tonsillar bed (tonsillar branch of facial artery)

External circular layer

Left and right sides fuse along pharyngeal raphe along midline

Pterygoid hamulus and pterygomandibular raphe

Origin of superior pharyngeal constrictors

Hyoid

Origin of middle pharyngeal constrictors

Thyroid and cricoid cartilage

Origin of inferior pharyngeal constrictors

Internal longitudinal muscles

Elevate larynx and shorten pharynx during swallowing and speaking

Palatopharyngeus, stylopharngeus, salpingopharngeus

List the 3 internal longitudinal muscles

Vagus nerve / CN X

The pharyngeal muscles are supplied by the

Glossopharyngeal nerve / CN IX

The stylopharyngeus muscle is supplied by the

Glossopharyngeal nerve / CN IX

Sensory fibers in plexus are derived from

Larynx

Aka the voice box

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How many cartilages compose the Larynx

Vocal folds

What does the larynx contain

Larynx

Connects inferior part of pharynx (Oropharynx) with trachea

Thyroid cartilage

The largest cartilage

Thyroid cartilage

Composed of two plate-like laminae fuse anteriorly in median plane

Laryngeal prominence

Adam's apple

Thyrohyoid membrane

Superior border of thyroid cartilage is attached to hyoid by

Thyroid cartilage

Posterior border projects as superior and inferior horns

Cricothyroid joints

Inferior horns articulate with lateral surfaces of cricoid cartilage at this

Change in length of vocal folds

Anteroposterior gliding of thyroid cartilage on hinge joint (cricothyroid joint) results in

Median cricothyroid ligament

Attaches cricoid cartilage to inferior margin of thyroid cartilage

Median cricothyroid ligament

Palpable as a soft spot inferior to thyroid cartilage

Cricoid cartilage

Attaches to first tracheal ring by cricotracheal ligament

arytenoid cartilages

articulate with superior border of cricoid cartilage and allows for anteroposterior tilt, rotation of arytenoid cartilages

superior apex of arytenoid cartilage

supports corniculate cartilage and attaches to aryepiglottic fold

anterior vocal process

an attachment for vocal ligament and bilateral processes pulled closer together, but pulled farther apart during arytenoid rotation

lateral muscular process

a lever for muscular pull of posterior/lateral cricoarytenoid muscles

epiglottic cartilage

heart-shaped cartilage covered with mucous membrane that is situated posteriorly to root of tongue, hyoid, anterior to laryngeal inlet

epiglottic cartilage

elastic cartilage that gives flexibility to epiglottis

thyroepiglottic ligament

attaches epiglottic cartilage to thyroid cartilage

epiglottic cartilage

forms the superior part of anterior wall of inlet

corniculate cartilages

attach to apices of arytenoid cartilages

cuneiform cartilages

do not directly attach to other cartilages

cuneiform/corniculate cartilages

appear as small nodules in posterior part of ary-epiglottic folds

vocal ligaments

elastic connective tissue extending from inner surface of thyroid cartilage at midline to vocal process of arytenoid cartilage posteriorly and contributes to true vocal folds

conus elasticus

fibrous connective tissue sheath lined with mucosa to form true vocal folds (terminates superiorly as vocal ligaments)

rima glottidis

open space between vocal folds

quadrangular membrane

thin connective tissue sheet that extends between lateral aspects of arytenoid, epiglottic cartilages

vestibular ligament

covered loosely by mucosa to form vestibular (false vocal) fold

aryepiglottic ligament

formed by free superior margin of quadrangular membrane and is covered by mucosa to form ary-epiglottic fold

laryngeal vestibule

region above vestibular folds

laryngeal ventricle

region between vestibular, vocal folds

infraglottic cavity

region between true vocal folds

vocalis muscle

small muscle embedded lateral to vocal ligaments

Val Salva Maneuver

when are the vocal cords are tightly closed and serve as an inspiratory sphincter

pitch of voice

changes via a variation in tension and length of vocal folds

vocal cords/folds

control sound production and contains a vocal ligament and a vocalis muscle

vocalis

runs parallel and slightly lateral to vocal folds and maintains tension in vocal folds

recurrent laryngeal nerve

innervates all but one of the intrinsic muscles of the larynx

external laryngeal nerve

innervates the cricothyroid muscle

CN X

the recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch off of

superior laryngeal nerve

the external laryngeal nerve comes off the

inferior laryngeal artery

supplies mucous membrane and muscles in inferior part of larynx

superior laryngeal artery

supplies the internal surface of the larynx

internal laryngeal nerve

supplying sensory fibers to laryngeal mucous membrane down to superior surface of vocal folds

external laryngeal nerve

motor innervation to cricothyroid muscle

inferior laryngeal nerve

sensory innervation to mucosa of infraglottic cavity and is a continuation of recurrent laryngeal nerve (CN X)