anp exam 2

receives lymph from right side of body superior to diaphragm

right lymphatic duct

right lymphatic duct

receives lymph from right side of body superior to diaphragm

single cell thin wall vessels collecting interstitial fluid

initial lymphatics or lymphatic capillaries

initial lymphatics or lymphatic capillaries

single cell thin wall vessels collecting interstitial fluid

large lymphoid nodules in the posterior superior wall of nasopharynx

pharyngeal tonsils

pharyngeal tonsils

large lymphoid nodules in the posterior superior wall of nasopharynx

small lymphoid organs monitoring lymph drained from lower limbs

inguinal lymph nodes

inguinal lymph nodes

small lymphoid organs monitoring lymph drained from lower limbs

lymphatic vessel delivering lymph to a lymph node

afferent lymphatic vessel

afferent lymphatic vessel

lymphatic vessel delivering lymph to a lymph node

collects lymph from the left side superior to diaphragm and both sides inferior to the diaphragm

thoracic duct

thoracic duct

collects lymph from the left side superior to diaphragm and both sides inferior to the diaphragm

represent base of thoracic duct and collects lymph from the left lumbar and intestinal trunks

cisterna chyli

cisterna chyli

represent base of thoracic duct and collects lymph from the left lumbar and intestinal trunks

small lymphoid organs filtering lymph drained from upper limbs

axillary lymph nodes

axillary lymph nodes

small lymphoid organs filtering lymph drained from upper limbs

lymphatic vessel exiting a lymph node

efferent lymphatic vessel

efferent lymphatic vessel

lymphatic vessel exiting a lymph node

lymphoid nodules at the posterior margin of the oral cavity, between pharynx and soft palate

palatine tonsil

palatine tonsil

lymphoid nodules at the posterior margin of the oral cavity, between pharynx and soft palate

What is lymph

Fluid primarily composed of white blood cells, especially lymphocytes. It is composed of plasma that has leaked into those vessels.

Define lymphoid tissue

specialized form of reticular CT that contains a lot of lymphocytes

Name primary lymphoid organs

Bone marrow and thymus

Name secondary lymphoid organs

lymph nodes, spleen, tonsils, peyer’s patches, appendix, MALT

Describe role and location of spleen

located in upper left abdomen that acts as body’s blood filter

Describe role and location of thymus

located in upper chest, behind breast bone in front of heart; produces mature T-cells

Describe role and location of liver

located in upper right quadrant of abdomen beneath diaphragm, filters blood and neutralizing toxins while regulating blood sugar

Describe role and location of lymph nodes

filter lymph fluid, removing bacteria and viruses. Cervical nodes located in neck, axillary nodes in armpit, inguinal nodes located in groin, lumbar located in torso

Which is NOT a part of the lymphatic system?:
Spleen, thymus, liver, lymph nodes

liver

Put following in order of pathway of lymph from stomach to blood
1. thoracic duct
2. collecting lymphatics
3. initial lymphatics
4. interstitial fluid
5. left subclavian vein
6. lymph nodes

4, 3, 2, 6, 1, 5
interstitial fluid → initial lymphatics → collecting lymphatics → lymph nodes → thoracic duct → left subclavian vein

Which of following is NOT a major site of lymphatic tissue?:
a. tonsils
b. thymus
c. kidneys
d. spleen
e. collecting lymphatics

c. kidneys

Which of following is important function of the lymphatic system?
a. controlling body temp by evap of sweat
b. manufacturing all white blood cells
c. returning fluid and proteins to cardiovascular system
d. producing red blood cells during stressful times
e. transporting fluids out to and back from the body tissues

c. returning fluid and proteins to cardiovascular system

The spleen:
a. serves as a storage site for blood platelets
b. is an organ in which phagocytosis of aged red blood cells occurs
c. is a site of blood formation in the fetus
d. all of the above

d. all of the above

Both the thoracic duct and right lymphatic duct empty directly into the:
a. axillary lymph nodes
b. superior vena cava
c. subclavian arteries
d. junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins

d. junction of internal jugular and subclavian veins

Describe exact location and what it drains: cervical lymph nodes

along cervical (neck) region, along internal jugular vein and sides of neck;
drain head and neck

Describe exact location and what it drains: axillary lymph nodes

in armpit (axilla);
drain upper limb, breast, and chest wall

Describe exact location and what it drains: supraclavicular lymph nodes

above clavicle in supraclavicular fossa;
drain areas of head, neck, thorax, and abdomen

Describe exact location and what it drains: mediastinal lymph nodes

in mediastinum between lungs around trachea, bronchi, and heart;
drain thoracic organs

Describe exact location and what it drains: mesenteric lymph nodes

in mesentery of small intestine;
drains much of the intestines

Describe exact location and what it drains: inguinal lymph nodes

groin region, along inguinal ligament;
drain lower limbs, external genitalia, and lower abdominal wall

Describe exact location and what it drains: femoral lymph nodes

along femoral veins in upper thigh;
drain lower limb

Describe exact location and what it drains: popliteal lymph nodes

behind knee in popliteal fossa;
drain lower leg and foot

carry blood away from heart to capillaries

arteries

arteries

carry blood away from heart to capillaries

allow for the exchange of materials between the blood and tissues.

capillaries

capillaries

allow for the exchange of materials between the blood and tissues.

deliver blood from capillaries back to heart

veins

veins

deliver blood from capillaries to heart

what kind of vessel is this? how do you know?

artery because of the small lumen, no valve, thicker tunica media (wall)

what type of vessel is this? how do you know?

vein; bigger lumen, valves, thinner tunica media (wall)

_______ have a thicker ______ _______ due to the higher pressure this type of vessel deals with.

Arteries; tunica media (OR wall)

What are some characteristics of a conducting arterty?

Largest arteries, withstand high pressure, most muscle and elastic fibers

Characteristics of distributing arteries

medium sized arteries; distribute blood from conducting arteries to organs; have some elastic fibers in walls but do not have as much as conducting because dont deal with high pressure

Characteristics of resistance arteries

smallest arteries; deliver blood to capillaries; little if any elastic fibers

smallest arteries

resistance arteries

medium sized arteries

distributing arteries

biggest arteries

conducting arteries

How does blood flow back through veins (sizes)?

Blood flow from capillaries into venules → venules unite to form medium veins → medium unite to form large veins

Typical systemic route

Heart → arteries → capillaries → veins → heart

What type of route is this
Heart → arteries → capillaries → veins → heart

systemic route

Where does pulmonary blood flow go

Lungs and heart

What kind of route is this?:
Heart -> arteries -> capillaries -> intervening vessels -> capillaries -> veins -> heart

portal route

What kind of route skips capillary bed and is often called a shunt?

arteriovenous anastamoses

Arterial anastomoses

two arteries provied collateral routes to same area

venous anastomoses

merging veins to drain in organ

Five mechanisms of returning blood to heart are?

pressure gradient, gravity, thoracic pump, cardiac suction, skeletal muscle pump

What is blood flow?

Amount of blood flowing to an area in a given amt of time

What is blood pressure?

the force of blood against vessel walls

what is blood pressure dependent on?

cardiac output, blood volume, and resistance

Three factors in resistance:

blood viscosity (thickness), vessel length, vessel radius

blood viscosity (thickness), vessel length, vessel radius are all what?

The three factors of resistance

Pulse pressure =

systolic - diastolic

Difference between systole and diastole

Systole is phase of heartbeat when heart muscle contract to pump blood into circulation
Diastole is resting phase when chambers relax and fill with blood

resting phase when chambers relax and fill with blood

Diastole

phase of heartbeat when heart muscle contract to pump blood into circulation

systole

blood pressure measured how

with sphygmomanometer

when do you hear heart sounds?

lub during systole - closing of av valves
dub directly after - closing of semilunar valves

Characteristics of local control of regulation of blood pressure and flow

open and close and precapillary sphincters, inflammation, reactive hyperemia, angiogenesis

characteristics of hormonal of regulation of blood pressure and flow

ADH, aldosterone, angiotensin II, epinephrine

characteristics of neural control of regulation of blood pressure and flow

baroreflex, chemoreflex, medullary ischemic reflex

fx of exercise on cardiac output

increase cardiac output by raising heart rate and stroke volume; heart muscle becomes stronger; stroke volume is higher at rest; heart rate is slower at rest

fx of aging on cardiovascular system

increase vascular resistance, decrease stroke volume, thicker less elastic vessels

what happens when blood flow stops going through coronary arteries

heart attack

lack of blood flow

ischemia

low oxygen in blood

hypoxemia

unprogrammed tissue death

necrosis

immune system recognize what? what happens when it does

foreign bodies, “not self”; production of immune cells and proteins

innate immunity

present before any exposure to pathogens (skin [sweat, keratin]), NON SPECIFIC

present before any exposure to pathogens (skin [sweat, keratin]), NON SPECIFIC

innate immunity

acquired immunity

adaptive immunity, develop after exposure, very specific and slower

adaptive immunity, develop after exposure, very specific and slower

acquired immunity

what is endocytosis

microbe comes into contact with something - it engulfs it

exocytosis

the breakdown of microbe and then releasing it

external barriers

skin (low pH, makes pathogen ineffective), mucous membranes (ability to produce mucous make pathogen ineffective)

internal defenses

phagocytic cells, antimicrobial proteins, inflammatory response

fever vs septic shock

fever is a systemic inflammatory response triggered by pyrogens
septic shock is life threatening caused by overwhelming inflammatory response

how do some pathogens avoid destruction

modifying their surface to prevent recognition

role of t helper cells

t helper cells help activate T and B cells

cells that mature in thymus

t cells

cells that mature in bone marrow

b cells