ap huge unit 2 review - heimler

population distribution

how people are spread out across a certain area or region.

population cluster

arge group of people living in a specific area or region.

ecumene

parts of the world where people live and settle.

population density

how crowded a place is by showing how many people live in each unit of land.

number of people living in a specific area, usually measured per square mile or square kilometer.

arithmetic density

how many people there are for every unit of land, like a square mile or square kilometer.

physiological density

number of people per unit of arable land in a country.

number of people/arable land → how many ppl live on land that can grow food

agricultural density

number of farmers per unit of arable land (land that can be used for farming).

number of farmers/arable land

snow belt

region in the northern United States, especially around the Great Lakes, that gets a lot of snow and cold weather in winter.

sunbelt

region in the United States known for its warm climate, especially in states like Florida, Texas, and California.

mean center of population

point that shows the average location of everyone in a country or area. It’s like finding the "center" where all the people live.

carrying capacity

maximum number of people or organisms that a place or environment can support without harming it.

cohort

a group of people who share a common characteristic, usually based on age, that is studied over time.

demography

study of populations—how many people there are, where they live, their age, sex, and other characteristics.

population pyramid

graph that shows the age and sex distribution of a population. It looks like a triangle and shows how many people are in each age group, with the youngest at the bottom and the oldest at the top.

dependency ratio

number of people who are too young (under 15) or too old (over 64) to work, compared to the number of people who are in the working age (15 to 64).

total fertility rate (tfr)

average number of children a woman is expected to have during her lifetime, based on current birth rates.

crude birth rate

number of births in a country or area for every 1,000 people in a year.

baby boomer

people born roughly between 1946 and 1964,

gen x

people born roughly between 1965 and 1980.

millenial

people born roughly between 1981 and 1996

gen z

generation of people born roughly between 1997 and 2012.

sex ratio

number of males compared to females in a population.

replacement level fertility

the number of children a couple needs to have in order to replace themselves in the population → usually 2 bc 2 people produce baby

crude death rate

number of deaths in a country or area for every 1,000 people in a year.

infant mortality rate

number of babies who die before their first birthday for every 1,000 live births in a year.

rate of natural increase

birth rate - death rate. It shows how much a population is growing or shrinking without including migration.

doubling time

amount of time it takes for a population to double in size. It depends on the population growth rate.

population explosion

a country's population grows very quickly in a short period of time, usually because of high birth rates and decreased death rates.

zero population growth

number of births and deaths in a country are equal, so the population stays the same over time. → no change in total number of people

demographic transition model

model shows how birth rates and death rates change as a country develops, and how that affects its population size.

stage 1: high birth and high death rate = stable pop

stage 2: high birth lower death = pop growth

stage 3: lower birth rate = slow pop growth

stage 4: low birth and low death = stable pop

stage 5: lower birth than death = declining pop

epidemiological transition model

model that shows how types of diseases change over time as a country gets healthier and more developed.

early stage die from anything but as country become more advanced it shifts to chronic diseases

pro natalist policy

policy that encourages people to have more children to increase the population.

anti natalist policy

policy that discourage people from having babies

life expectancy

how long people are expected to live on average.

aging population

more old people than young people in a country.

migration

people moving from one place to another.

brain drain

smart and skilled people leaving their country for better opportunities elsewhere causing their home country to lose talent

pull factor

something that attracts people to a new place, like better job opportunities, a safer environment, or better living conditions.

push factor

something that makes people want to leave their current place, like war, poverty, or bad living conditions.

intervening obstacle

things that get in the way of a person reaching their goal or destination.

intervening opportunities

things that get in the way or change a person's migration plans.

volentary migration

people choose to move to a new place, usually for better opportunities, like a job, education, or a better quality of life.

transnational migration

when people move from one country to another and then continue to have strong connections with both their home country and their new country, like visiting family, sending money, or keeping cultural ties.

internal migration

moving to a different place, but still staying in the same country.

chain migration

when people move to a new country and then bring their family or friends to join them later.

step migration

people move in stages or smaller steps from one place to another.

rural to urban migration

moving from country to city for better life → better job, education, living conditions

guest worker

someone who goes to another country to work for a short time.

refugee

a person who escapes their country because it’s too dangerous to stay.

internally displaced person

someone forced to leave their home because of danger but stay inside the country

emigration

moving away from a country to live somewhere else

immigration

moving into another country

asylum seeker

a person running from danger who is asking to stay safe in another country.

transhumance

moving animals to find fresh grass depending on the season.

forced migration

being forced to move because it’s too dangerous to stay.

diaspora

a large group of people from the same country, culture, or background move to other parts of the world but still keep strong ties to their homeland.