Waples, American Government: Stories of a Nation for the AP® Course, 1e, Chapter 9 | Quizlet

civil rights

Protections for individuals from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, sex, and other characteristics, ensuring equal treatment under the law.

Thirteenth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution passed in 1865 prohibiting slavery within the United States.

Fourteenth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution passed in 1868 granting citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States and placing restrictions on state laws that sought to abridge the privileges and immunities of citizens of the United States.

equal protection clause

Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment that has been used to protect the civil rights of Americans from discrimination based on race, national origin, religion, gender, and other characteristics.

Fifteenth Amendment

An amendment to the Constitution passed in 1870 granting voting rights to African American men.

separate but equal

The doctrine that racial segregation was constitutional so long as the facilities for blacks and whites were equal.

legal segregation

The separation by law of individuals based on their race.

de jure segregation

The separation of individuals based on their characteristics, such as race, intentionally and by law.

de facto segregation

A separation of individuals based on characteristics that arises not by law but because of other factors, such as residential housing patterns.

affirmative action

A policy designed to address the consequences of previous discrimination by providing special consideration to individuals based upon their characteristics, such as race or gender.

social movement

Large groups of citizens organizing for political change.

civil disobedience

The intentional refusal to obey a law to call attention to its injustice.

Civil Rights Act of 1964

Legislation outlawing racial segregation in schools and public places and authorizing the attorney general to sue individual school districts that failed to desegregate.

Voting Rights Act of 1965

Legislation outlawing literacy tests and authorizing the Justice Department to send federal officers to register voters in uncooperative cities, counties, and states.

Nineteenth Amendment

A 1920 constitutional amendment granting women the right to vote.

Title IX of the Higher Education Amendments of 1972

Legislation prohibiting sex discrimination in schools receiving federal aid, which had the impact of increasing female participation in sports programs.