Chapter 7: Late Antiquity

Barbarian groups

________ usually resided in small villages, and climate and geography determined the basic patterns of how they lived off the land.

Roman occupation

During the ________, small Christian communities were scattered throughout Gaul and Britain.

Saint Jerome

________ believed that Christians should study the best of ancient thought because it would direct their minds to God.

Roman Empire

The continuity of the ________ in the East meant that Christianity developed differently there than it did in the West.

Nicene Creed

The ________ says little specifically about the Holy Spirit, but in the following centuries the idea that the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit are "one substance in three persons- "the Trinity- became a central doctrine in Christian­ity.

Ostrogothic conquest

During the ________ of Italy, warrior- nobles also began to acquire land as both a mark of prestige and a means to power.

Arian Christians

________ reasoned that Jesus the Son must be inferior to God the Father because the Father was incapable of suffering and did not die.

Adam

Because ________ disobeyed God and fell, all human beings have an innate tendency to sin: their will is weak.

Diocletian

________ stepped up persecution of Christians who would not sacrifice to Romes traditional deities, portraying them as disloyal to the empire in an attempt to wipe out the faith.

military campaigns

Through ________, Clovis acquired the central provinces of Roman Gaul and began to conquer southern Gaul from the Burgundians and Visigoths.

Augustines ideas

________ on sin, grace, and redemption became the foundation of all subsequent Western Christian theology, Protestant as well as Catholic.

410

When Visigothic forces captured the city of Rome in ________, horrified pagans blamed the disaster on the Christians.

Saxons

________ and other Germanic tribes from the area of modern- day Norway, Sweden, and Denmark turned from assistance to conquest.

Spain

The Vandals, another Germanic tribe whose destructive ways are commemorated in the word vandal, swept across ________ into North Africa in 429 and took over what had been Romes breadbasket.

Barbarian society

________ was patriarchal: within each household the father had authority over his wife, children, and slaves.

special training

Law was custom, but certain individuals were often given ________ in remembering and retelling laws from generation to generation.

313

Constantine reversed Diocletians policy and instead ordered toleration of all religions in the Edict of Milan, issued in ________.

personal injury

Any crime that involved a(n) ________, such as assault, rape, and murder, was given a particular monetary value, called the wergeld (literally "man- money "or "money to buy off the spear), "that was to be paid by the perpetrator to the victim or the family.

northern Europe

Ironworking represented the most advanced craft; much of ________ had iron deposits, and the dense forests provided wood for charcoal, which was used to provide the clean fire needed to make iron.

ritual of penance

The ________ was also instrumental in teaching people Christian ideas.

church leaders

In 325 he summoned ________ to a council in Nicaea in Asia Minor and presided over it personally "as your fellow servant of our common Lord and Savior ..

Saint Basil

________ (329 ?- 379), an influential bishop from Asia Minor and another of the fathers of the church, encouraged cenobitic monasticism.

481 511

________) marks the decisive period in the development of the Franks as a unified people.

Celts

Among the ________, religious leaders called druids had legal and educational as well as religious functions, orally passing down laws and traditions from generation to generation.

Goods

________ were used locally and for gift giving, a major social custom.

Romans

The first written records of barbarian religion came from Greeks and ________ who encountered barbarians or spoke with those who had.

Italy

The emperor Justinian (r. 527- 565) waged long and hard- fought wars against the Ostrogoths and temporarily regained ________ and North Africa, but his conquests had disastrous consequences.

Canterbury

In the course of the seventh century, two Christian forces competed for the conversion of the pagan AngloSaxons: Roman- oriented missionaries traveling north from ________, and Celtic monks from Ireland and northwestern Britain.

Scandinavia

Runic inscriptions come primarily from ________ and the British Isles.

Constantinople

________ had strong military leadership and even more in the citys location and its excellent fortifications.

Egypt

Monasticism began in third- century ________, where individuals like Saint Anthony (251 ?- 356) and small groups first withdrew from cities and from organized society to seek God through prayer in desert or mountain caves and shelters, giving up all for Christ.

Western Roman emperors

The ________ were generally chosen by the more powerful successors of Constantine in the East, and they increasingly relied on barbarian commanders and their troops to maintain order.

southern France

The Visigoths exercised a weak domination over ________ and much of the Iberian Peninsula.

Anglo Saxon invasion

The ________ gave rise to a rich body of Celtic mythology, particularly legends about King Arthur, who first appeared in Welsh poetry in the sixth century and later in histories, epics, and saints lives.

emperor Theodosius

In 380 the ________ made Nicene Christianity the official religion of the empire.

Early Christians both

________ adopted and adapted the then- contemporary views of women, marriage, and sexuality.

wergeld

The ________ varied according to the severity of the crime and also the social status of the victim.

Pope Leo I

________ (pontificate 440- 461) made treaties with several barbarian leaders who threat- ened the city of Rome.

Augustine

________ took teaching positions first in Rome and then in Milan, where he had frequent conversa- tions with Bishop Ambrose.

Augustines autobiography

________, The Confessions, is a literary masterpiece and one of the most influential books in the history of Europe.

Bishop Ambrose of Milan

________ (339- 397) is typical of the Roman aristocrats who held high public office, were converted to Christianity, and subsequently became bishops.

great deal of attention

The Byzantines devoted a(n) ________ to medicine, and the general level of medical competence was far higher in the Byzantine Empire than in western Europe.

Diocletian

________ and Constantine were faced with a number of economic problems, including inflation and declining tax revenues, and their attempts to solve them illustrate the methods and limitations of absolute monarchy.

Saint Jerome

________ (340- 419) translated the Old and New Testaments from Hebrew and Greek into vernacular Latin.

Romans

Like Greeks and ________, barbarians worshipped hundreds of gods and goddesses with specialized functions.

Roman Empire

Early Christians often met in peoples homes and called one another "brother "and "sister, "a metaphorical use of family terms that was new to the ________.

Nicene Creed

The council produced the ________, which defined the position that Christ is "eternally begotten of the Father "and of the same substance as the Father.

Diocletian

________ issued an edict that fixed maximum prices and wages throughout the empire.

Roman Empire

In the ________ the days took their names from Roman deities or astronomical bodies, and in the Germanic languages of central and northern Europe the days acquired the names of corresponding barbarian gods.

Diocletian

________ assumed direct control of the eastern part; he gave the rule of the western part to a colleague, along with the title augustus.