BIOS251-Exam 1 (Week 1-Intro) with complete expert curated questions and answers (with Diagrams)

anatomy

is the study of structure

physiology

is the study of how body parts function

characteristics of living things

- growth

- made of cells

- need for food/energy/water

- respiration

- differentiation

- homeostasis

- metabolism

- reproduction

- responsive to stimuli

- movement

levels of organization

1. chemical level

2. cellular level

3. tissue level

4. organ level

chemical level

combination of atoms to form molecules

cellular level

combination of organic molecules

tissue level

combination of cells of the same type, history, and physiology

organ level

combination of tissues of differing types to carry out a particular function

negative feedback

a reaction that causes a decrease in function; essentially reduces, shuts off, or counterbalances the original stimulus that caused the homeostatic imbalance

- causes the given variable to change in the opposite direction of the inital change, and brings the system back to homeostasis

- ex: temp, blood glucose levels, blood volume, pH, composition

positive feedback

the response of the effector works to further increase the change that was caused by the stimulus; may enhance, exaggerate, or amplify the original stimulus

- ex: childbirth, blood clot formation, menstrual cycle

anatomical position

stand erect, arms at the side with palms facing forward (thumbs pointing away from the body), feet flat on the floor

mattering

anything that takes up space and mass

protons

positive charge

electrons

negative charge

neutrons

neutral charge

atomic number

number of protons in an atom

mass number

total number of protons and neutrons in an atom

atomic weight

average mass of an atom

molecules

are made of 2 or more atoms linked together; can be of the same element or different

ions

atoms or molecules with an electrical charge

ex: electrons = -1

ex: protons = +1

- when an atom has more total protons than electrons, the charge will be positive (and vice versa)

electrolytes

any substance that gives off or forms ions when dissolved in water

axial region

represents core of the body, includes all structures except the upper and lower appendages

- cephalic (head)

- cervical (neck)

- thoracic (chest)

- abdominal (belly)

- pelvic (hip)

- pubic (groin)

appendicular region

includes the upper and lower appendages

- axillary (armpit)

- brachial (upper arm)

- antecubital (front of the elbow)

- antebrachial (forearm)

- carpal (wrist)

- palmar (palm)

- pollex (thumb)

- digital or phalangeal (fingers)

- femoral (thigh)

- patellar (anterior surface of the knee)

- crural (leg)

- pedal (foot)

ventral

toward the front or belly

dorsal

toward the back or spine

anterior

toward the ventral side

posterior

toward the dorsal side

cephalic

toward the head or superior end

rostral

toward the forehead or nose

caudal

toward the tail or inferior end

superior

above

inferior

below

medial

toward the median plane

lateral

away from the median plane

proximal

closer to the point of attachment or origin

distal

farther from the point of attachment or origin

ipsilateral

on the same side of the body (right or left)

contralateral

on opposite sides of the body (right and left)

superficial

closer to the body surface

deep

farther from the body surface

body cavities

acts as compartments within the human body and have 2 basic functions:

- to protect vital internal organs from accidental shock

- to allow for any possible change in shape and size of organs, while still maintaining the organ system's integrity

human body has how many body cavities

four

four main body cavities

1. cranial (contains the brain)

2. vertebral (contains the spinal cord)

3. thoracic (contains the heart and the lungs)

4. abdominopelvic (contains all abdominal and pelvic organs)

- thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities are separated by the diaphragm

subdivisions of the thoracic cavity

- two pleural cavities, each of which surrounds a lung

- each lung sits on either side of the mediastinum, which is an area in the middle of the thorax that contains the heart, portions of the trachea, the esophagus, etc.

- pericardial cavity, which encloses the heart

subdivisions of the abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity

- contains the stomach, intestines, spleen, and liver

- superior region of the cavity

pelvic cavity

- contains the urinary bladder, reproductive organs, and rectum

- inferior region of the cavity

serous membrane

all body cavities are lined by serous membranes, are a two layered tissue that is lubricated by a serum-like fluid. also covers organs

- fluid-filled cavity btw 2 layers

parietal layer

lines cavity

visceral layer

covers organ

four abdominopelvic quadrants

- right upper quadrant (RUQ)

- left upper quadrant (LUQ)

- right lower quadrant (RLQ)

- left lower quadrant (LLQ)

nine abdominopelvic regions

- right hypochondriac region

- epigastric region

- left hypochondriac region

- right lumbar region

- umbilical region

- left lumbar region

- right illiac (inguinal) region

- hypogastric (pubic) region

- left illiac (inguinal) region

body planes

invisible flat surfaces (dividing lines) that separate organs, structures, or the human body into sections

plane

refers to an axis, and 3 planes are needed for this

section

a single view of one plane

transverse plane

a plane that runs horizontally, separates the body or structure into superior and inferior portions

frontal plane

a plane separates the body or structure into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions

sagittal plane

plane separates a body or structure into left and right portions

midsagittal plane

a sagittal plane that runs perfectly down the midline of the body and divides it into equal left and right portions

parasagittal plane

a sagittal plane that is lateral to the midline of the body

levels or organization from smallest to largest

atoms, molecules, cells, tissues, organs, organ system, organism

11 organ system

integumentary system, skeletal system, muscular system, lymphatic system, respiratory system, urinary system, nervous system, endocrine system, circulatory system, digestive system, and the reproductive systems

homeostasis

the process of all organ systems working to keep internal environment constant and stable

- the physical and chemical conditions that the body will constantly be regulating in order to ensure an optimal environment for which cells, tissue, and organs can survive and function properly

- factor that can change

- regulated by certain intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms

the law of mass balance

to maintain homeostasis, the body's input should be theoretically equal to the body's output

regulated variable

a variable that is sensed via sensors that is already embedded into the system

- a variable that must be kept within a certain acceptable range

controlled variable

- non regulated

- a variable that the system cannot change

- a variable that does not have a corresponding sensor embedded in the system

set point

average acceptable value for a variable; homeostasis mechanism work to keep values at the set point

sensor/receptor

- monitors and detects any changes in the environment

- responds to stimuli (something that causes a change in a controlled variable)

- sends sensory information via sensory neurons (input) to the control center

control center/integration center

- determines the set point (acceptable range) at which variables need to be maintained

- receives and processes information from the sensors

- constructs a meaningful response to the original stimulus

- instructions (an output) are sent to target cells, tissues, organs, or organ systems via motor neurons

target/effector

- receives instructions from the control center, and then carries out the instructions

- provides the appropriate response based on information from the control center

- response will either reduce (neg feedback) or enhance (pos feedback) the effects of the original stimulus