unit 7

Homeostasis

System's tendency to maintain internal stability.

Drive

Arousal triggered by physiological need.

Drive Reduction Theory

Motivation from reducing internal tension.

Incentive Theory

Motivation from rewards and punishments.

Evolutionary Theories

Emphasize evolution's role in behavior.

Biological v. Social Motives

Distinguish between biological and social needs.

Hunger & the Hypothalamus

Brain regions regulating hunger and satiety.

Glucostatic Theory

Brain monitoring blood glucose levels.

Insulin

Hormone regulating glucose metabolism.

Leptin

Hormone inhibiting hunger, regulating energy balance.

Environmental Factors Influencing Hunger

External factors affecting hunger and eating.

Obesity

Excessive body fat accumulation.

BMI (Body Mass Index)

Measure categorizing body fat based on height and weight.

Set Point

Optimal weight range for homeostasis.

Excitement Phase & Vasocongestion

Initial sexual response phase with increased blood flow.

Plateau Phase

Phase following excitement in sexual response cycle.

Orgasm Phase

Peak phase with intense pleasure in sexual response.

Resolution Phase

Final phase returning body to pre-arousal state.

Sex v. Gender

Distinguish between biological and social aspects of identity.

Gender Differences in Sexual Activity

Variations in sexual behavior between genders.

Gender Differences in Mate Preference

Variations in partner preferences based on gender.

Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual

Enduring patterns of sexual attraction.

Achievement Motive

Desire to excel and attain success.

Projective Test

Tool revealing personality through ambiguous stimuli.

Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)

Projective test using ambiguous pictures to reveal thoughts.

3 Parts of Emotion

Components: arousal, experience, expression.

Affective Forecasting

Predicting emotional reactions to future events.

Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)

Measure of skin's electrical conductivity.

Polygraph

Machine detecting physiological responses to detect deception.

Brain Areas Influencing Emotions

Regions like the amygdala and prefrontal cortex crucial in emotion regulation.

Facial Feedback Hypothesis

Theory suggesting facial expressions influence emotional experience.

6 Fundamental Emotions

Basic emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise.

Display Rules

Norms dictating how emotions should be expressed in social settings.

James-Lange Theory

Emotion theory stating physiological arousal triggers emotions.

Cannon-Bard Theory

Emotion theory proposing simultaneous emotional experiences and physiological responses.

Schachter's Two-Factor Theory

Theory stating arousal and cognitive interpretation are necessary for emotion.

Evolutionary Theory of Emotions

Perspective suggesting emotions are adaptive responses shaped by evolution.

Walter Cannon

Physiologist known for autonomic nervous system research and emotion theory.

Master & Johnson's Human Sexual Response

Model describing sexual response stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.

Robert Triver's Parental Investment Theory

Theory on parental investment differences driving mating strategies.

David Buss

Evolutionary psychologist focusing on human mating strategies.

Alfred Kinsey's 7-Point Scale

Scale measuring sexual orientation from heterosexual to homosexual.

David McClelland

Psychologist known for motivation research and Thematic Apperception Test.

John Atkinson's 3 Determinants of Achievement Behavior

Factors influencing achievement behavior: expectation, incentive, probability of success.

Overjustification Effect

Phenomenon where extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation.

Yerkes-Dodson Law (Arousal Theory)

Principle stating task performance is optimal at moderate arousal levels.

Personality

Individual's consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

McCrae & Costa's Five-Factor Model

Framework of personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.

Personality Trait

Enduring characteristic influencing behavior across situations.

Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theory

Personality theory emphasizing unconscious processes and early experiences.

Sigmund Freud

Founder of psychoanalysis, known for theories on unconscious mind.

Id, Ego, Superego

Freud's model of psyche: id (drives), ego (mediator), superego (morals).

Pleasure Principle

Id's drive for immediate gratification without regard for consequences.

Reality Principle

Ego's principle mediating between id demands and reality constraints.

Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious

Freud's levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious.

Carl Jung's Analytical Psychology

Psychology school exploring collective unconscious and individuation.

Collective Unconscious

Jungian concept of shared unconscious with universal symbolic motifs.

Personal Unconscious

Unique repository of repressed memories in Jungian psychology.

Archetypes

Universal symbols inherited from the collective unconscious.

Defense Mechanisms

Psychological strategies to protect against anxiety by distorting reality.

Psychosexual Stages

Freud's theory of distinct personality development stages.

Fixation

Unresolved conflict from a psychosexual stage affecting personality.

Libido

Psychic energy associated with sexual instinct in psychoanalysis.

Oedipus & Electra Complex

Unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent in psychoanalysis.

Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology

Psychological theory emphasizing social factors in personality.

Striving for Superiority

Adler's concept of overcoming inferiority to achieve goals.

Compensation

Adlerian mechanism to excel in areas compensating for weaknesses.

Birth Order

Adlerian theory suggesting family position influences personality.

Behaviorism Perspective

Psychological approach studying observable behavior and stimuli.

B.F. Skinner's Views on Personality

Personality shaped by reinforcement history and environmental factors.

Albert Bandura - Reciprocal Determinism

Theory of bidirectional interaction between behavior, thoughts, and environment.

Self-Efficacy

Belief in one's ability to achieve desired outcomes in various situations.

Walter Mischel & Person-Situation Controversy

Research emphasizing situational factors in behavior.

Humanism Perspective

Psychological approach focusing on individual growth and subjective experiences.

Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Theory

Humanistic theory emphasizing self-concept and empathy for personal growth.

Conflict

Involves competing goals, requiring difficult decisions.

Approach-Approach

Conflict between two desirable options with minimal stress.

Approach-Avoidance

Conflict with a single goal having positive and negative aspects.

Avoidance-Avoidance

Conflict between two undesirable options causing high stress.

Change

Transitioning from one state to another, often stressful.

Holmes & Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale

Measures stress levels of major life events numerically.

Broaden-and-Build Theory of Emotions

Positive emotions enhance creativity, resilience, and social connections.

Inverted-U Hypothesis/Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)

Performance peaks at moderate arousal levels.

Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)

Body's stress response model with alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages.

ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)

Pituitary hormone stimulating cortisol release in stress response.

Adrenal Medulla & Cortex

Adrenal gland parts releasing catecholamines and corticosteroids.

Corticosteroids

Adrenal cortex hormones like cortisol affecting stress response.

Catecholamines

Adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones in stress response.

Coping

Efforts to manage stress through various strategies.

Aggression

Behavior intending harm, often due to frustration or anger.

Catastrophic Thinking

Exaggerated negative beliefs leading to anxiety.

Self-Indulgence

Gratification without restraint, leading to negative outcomes.

Internet Addiction

Excessive internet use impairing daily life and well-being.

Constructive Coping

Adaptive strategies to address stressors effectively.

Coronary Heart Disease Relation to Stress

Chronic stress contributes to heart disease development.

Type A & Type B Personality

Type A: competitive, Type B: relaxed demeanor.

Depressive Disorders Relation to Heart Disease

Depression linked to increased heart disease risk.

Immune Response

Body's defense against pathogens and foreign substances.

Social Support

Assistance from others to cope with stress.

Optimism

Positive outlook on life expecting favorable outcomes.