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Homeostasis
System's tendency to maintain internal stability.
Drive
Arousal triggered by physiological need.
Drive Reduction Theory
Motivation from reducing internal tension.
Incentive Theory
Motivation from rewards and punishments.
Evolutionary Theories
Emphasize evolution's role in behavior.
Biological v. Social Motives
Distinguish between biological and social needs.
Hunger & the Hypothalamus
Brain regions regulating hunger and satiety.
Glucostatic Theory
Brain monitoring blood glucose levels.
Insulin
Hormone regulating glucose metabolism.
Leptin
Hormone inhibiting hunger, regulating energy balance.
Environmental Factors Influencing Hunger
External factors affecting hunger and eating.
Obesity
Excessive body fat accumulation.
BMI (Body Mass Index)
Measure categorizing body fat based on height and weight.
Set Point
Optimal weight range for homeostasis.
Excitement Phase & Vasocongestion
Initial sexual response phase with increased blood flow.
Plateau Phase
Phase following excitement in sexual response cycle.
Orgasm Phase
Peak phase with intense pleasure in sexual response.
Resolution Phase
Final phase returning body to pre-arousal state.
Sex v. Gender
Distinguish between biological and social aspects of identity.
Gender Differences in Sexual Activity
Variations in sexual behavior between genders.
Gender Differences in Mate Preference
Variations in partner preferences based on gender.
Sexual Orientation: Heterosexual, Homosexual, Bisexual
Enduring patterns of sexual attraction.
Achievement Motive
Desire to excel and attain success.
Projective Test
Tool revealing personality through ambiguous stimuli.
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
Projective test using ambiguous pictures to reveal thoughts.
3 Parts of Emotion
Components: arousal, experience, expression.
Affective Forecasting
Predicting emotional reactions to future events.
Galvanic Skin Response (GSR)
Measure of skin's electrical conductivity.
Polygraph
Machine detecting physiological responses to detect deception.
Brain Areas Influencing Emotions
Regions like the amygdala and prefrontal cortex crucial in emotion regulation.
Facial Feedback Hypothesis
Theory suggesting facial expressions influence emotional experience.
6 Fundamental Emotions
Basic emotions: happiness, sadness, anger, fear, disgust, surprise.
Display Rules
Norms dictating how emotions should be expressed in social settings.
James-Lange Theory
Emotion theory stating physiological arousal triggers emotions.
Cannon-Bard Theory
Emotion theory proposing simultaneous emotional experiences and physiological responses.
Schachter's Two-Factor Theory
Theory stating arousal and cognitive interpretation are necessary for emotion.
Evolutionary Theory of Emotions
Perspective suggesting emotions are adaptive responses shaped by evolution.
Walter Cannon
Physiologist known for autonomic nervous system research and emotion theory.
Master & Johnson's Human Sexual Response
Model describing sexual response stages: excitement, plateau, orgasm, resolution.
Robert Triver's Parental Investment Theory
Theory on parental investment differences driving mating strategies.
David Buss
Evolutionary psychologist focusing on human mating strategies.
Alfred Kinsey's 7-Point Scale
Scale measuring sexual orientation from heterosexual to homosexual.
David McClelland
Psychologist known for motivation research and Thematic Apperception Test.
John Atkinson's 3 Determinants of Achievement Behavior
Factors influencing achievement behavior: expectation, incentive, probability of success.
Overjustification Effect
Phenomenon where extrinsic rewards undermine intrinsic motivation.
Yerkes-Dodson Law (Arousal Theory)
Principle stating task performance is optimal at moderate arousal levels.
Personality
Individual's consistent patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
McCrae & Costa's Five-Factor Model
Framework of personality traits: openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism.
Personality Trait
Enduring characteristic influencing behavior across situations.
Psychoanalytic/Psychodynamic Theory
Personality theory emphasizing unconscious processes and early experiences.
Sigmund Freud
Founder of psychoanalysis, known for theories on unconscious mind.
Id, Ego, Superego
Freud's model of psyche: id (drives), ego (mediator), superego (morals).
Pleasure Principle
Id's drive for immediate gratification without regard for consequences.
Reality Principle
Ego's principle mediating between id demands and reality constraints.
Conscious, Preconscious, Unconscious
Freud's levels of awareness: conscious, preconscious, unconscious.
Carl Jung's Analytical Psychology
Psychology school exploring collective unconscious and individuation.
Collective Unconscious
Jungian concept of shared unconscious with universal symbolic motifs.
Personal Unconscious
Unique repository of repressed memories in Jungian psychology.
Archetypes
Universal symbols inherited from the collective unconscious.
Defense Mechanisms
Psychological strategies to protect against anxiety by distorting reality.
Psychosexual Stages
Freud's theory of distinct personality development stages.
Fixation
Unresolved conflict from a psychosexual stage affecting personality.
Libido
Psychic energy associated with sexual instinct in psychoanalysis.
Oedipus & Electra Complex
Unconscious desire for the opposite-sex parent in psychoanalysis.
Alfred Adler's Individual Psychology
Psychological theory emphasizing social factors in personality.
Striving for Superiority
Adler's concept of overcoming inferiority to achieve goals.
Compensation
Adlerian mechanism to excel in areas compensating for weaknesses.
Birth Order
Adlerian theory suggesting family position influences personality.
Behaviorism Perspective
Psychological approach studying observable behavior and stimuli.
B.F. Skinner's Views on Personality
Personality shaped by reinforcement history and environmental factors.
Albert Bandura - Reciprocal Determinism
Theory of bidirectional interaction between behavior, thoughts, and environment.
Self-Efficacy
Belief in one's ability to achieve desired outcomes in various situations.
Walter Mischel & Person-Situation Controversy
Research emphasizing situational factors in behavior.
Humanism Perspective
Psychological approach focusing on individual growth and subjective experiences.
Carl Rogers' Person-Centered Theory
Humanistic theory emphasizing self-concept and empathy for personal growth.
Conflict
Involves competing goals, requiring difficult decisions.
Approach-Approach
Conflict between two desirable options with minimal stress.
Approach-Avoidance
Conflict with a single goal having positive and negative aspects.
Avoidance-Avoidance
Conflict between two undesirable options causing high stress.
Change
Transitioning from one state to another, often stressful.
Holmes & Rahe's Social Readjustment Rating Scale
Measures stress levels of major life events numerically.
Broaden-and-Build Theory of Emotions
Positive emotions enhance creativity, resilience, and social connections.
Inverted-U Hypothesis/Arousal Theory (Yerkes-Dodson Law)
Performance peaks at moderate arousal levels.
Selye's General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)
Body's stress response model with alarm, resistance, and exhaustion stages.
ACTH (Adrenocorticotropic Hormone)
Pituitary hormone stimulating cortisol release in stress response.
Adrenal Medulla & Cortex
Adrenal gland parts releasing catecholamines and corticosteroids.
Corticosteroids
Adrenal cortex hormones like cortisol affecting stress response.
Catecholamines
Adrenaline and noradrenaline hormones in stress response.
Coping
Efforts to manage stress through various strategies.
Aggression
Behavior intending harm, often due to frustration or anger.
Catastrophic Thinking
Exaggerated negative beliefs leading to anxiety.
Self-Indulgence
Gratification without restraint, leading to negative outcomes.
Internet Addiction
Excessive internet use impairing daily life and well-being.
Constructive Coping
Adaptive strategies to address stressors effectively.
Coronary Heart Disease Relation to Stress
Chronic stress contributes to heart disease development.
Type A & Type B Personality
Type A: competitive, Type B: relaxed demeanor.
Depressive Disorders Relation to Heart Disease
Depression linked to increased heart disease risk.
Immune Response
Body's defense against pathogens and foreign substances.
Social Support
Assistance from others to cope with stress.
Optimism
Positive outlook on life expecting favorable outcomes.
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