Biology: EOY Exam Key Terms Flashcards

What solution is used to test for starch?

Iodine solution

What colour indicates starch is present?

Blue-black

What solution is used to test for sugars (like glucose)?

Benedict's solution

What must you do when using Benedict's test?

Heat the solution

What colour shows sugar is present?

Brick-red

What solution is used to test for protein?

Biuret solution

What colour shows protein is present?

Purple

What solution is used to test for lipids with a red layer?

Sudan III

What is a positive result for lipids using Sudan III?

Red-stained oil layer separates out

What test also detects lipids using ethanol?

Ethanol emulsion test

What is a positive result for the ethanol test?

Milky/cloudy emulsion

What are the key differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotic cells (e.g. bacteria) have no nucleus; eukaryotic cells (animal/plant) have a nucleus and membrane-bound organelles.

What is the function of the mitochondria?

Site of aerobic respiration; releases energy.

What are ribosomes?

Tiny structures where protein synthesis occurs.

What is the function of the cell membrane?

Regulates what enters and exits the cell

What is the cytoplasm?

A jelly-like material containing dissolved nutrients and salts and structures called organelles. It is where many of the chemical reactions happen.

What is the function of the nucleus?

Contains genetic material, including DNA, which controls the cell’s activities.

What is the formula for magnification?

Magnification = image size ÷ actual size

What is mitosis used for?

Growth, repair, and asexual reproduction.

What is osmosis?

The movement of water across a partially permeable membrane from high to low water concentration.

What is the role of bile in digestion?

Neutralises stomach acid and emulsifies fats.

Name three types of blood vessels and their roles.

Arteries (carry blood away), veins (carry blood to heart), capillaries (exchange).

Define amylase.

Enzyme that breaks down starch (into glucose).

Define protease.

Enzyme that breaks down proteins (into amino acids).

Define lipase.

Enzyme that breaks down fats (into fatty acids and glycerol).

How is the small intestine adapted for absorption?

Villi/microvilli increase surface area, good blood supply, thin walls.

What do xylem and phloem transport?

Xylem: water, Phloem: sugars (in both directions).

Name 4 pathogens.

Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists.

How do white blood cells defend the body?

Defend the body through phagocytosis, produce antibodies and antitoxins.

What is a vaccine and how does it work?

A dead/inactive form of a pathogen that stimulates antibody production.

Why don't antibiotics work on viruses?

Viruses live inside cells; antibiotics can't target them without harming cells.

Define the term placebo.

A substance with no active ingredient used in drug trials for comparison.

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen (in the presence of light).

What are the limiting factors of photosynthesis?

Light intensity, carbon dioxide concentration, temperature.

How do plants use glucose from photosynthesis?

For respiration, making starch, cellulose, proteins, and lipids.

What is the word equation for aerobic respiration?

Glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water (releases lots of energy).

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in humans?

Glucose → lactic acid (less energy, leads to oxygen debt).

What is the word equation for anaerobic respiration in yeast? (fermentation)

Glucose → ethanol + carbon dioxide

Define homeostasis and give an example.

Maintaining stable internal conditions (e.g. temp, blood sugar, water).

Describe the reflex arc pathway.

Stimulus → receptor → coordination → effector.

What is insulin?

Hormone that lowers blood glucose.

What is glucagon?

Hormone that increases blood glucose.