Module 2: Pharmacognosy - Part 3 - Glycosides

All of the following are types of glycosides.

Cardiac

Anthraquinone

Saponin

Cyanogenic

Isothiocyanate

Flavonol

Alcohol

Aldehyde

Phenol

a. True

b. False

a. True

True about glycosides except:

a. Heteroglycans:

b. Sugar ethers

c. Beta form occurs in plants

d. Can be N-, S-, C-, O-, glycosides

e. None

e. None

What form of glycosides primarily occurs in plants?

a. Alpa

b. Beta

c. Gamma

d. Delta

b. Beta

Glycoside active portion.

a. Glycone

b. Aglycone

b. Aglycone

Glycoside inactive portion.

a. Glycone

b. Aglycone

a. Glycone

Also known as genin.

a. Glycone

b. Aglycone

b. Aglycone

Uses of glycosides.

a. Regulatory

b. Protective

c. Sanitary

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Cardiac glycosides components.

a. Sugar

b. Steroid

c. Lactone

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Aglycone portion of glycosides include:

a. Sugar

b. Steroid

c. Lactone

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

e. b and c - Steroid and Lactone

Most common aglycone of cardiac glycosides composed of steroid and 5-membered lactone.

a. Cardenolides

b. Bufadioenolides

a. Cardenolides

Rare aglycone of cardiac glycosides composed of steroid and 6-membered lactone.

a. Cardenolides

b. Bufadioenolides

b. Bufadioenolides

Test for steroid nucleus of cardiac glycosides.

a. Liebermann-Burchard test

b. Salkowski test

c. Keller-Killani test

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

d. a and b

Liebermann-Burchard test

Salkowski test

The most sensitive test for steroids with blue to green to brown positive result.

a. Liebermann-Burchard test

b. Salkowski test

c. Keller-Killani test

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

a. Liebermann-Burchard test

Red ring positive result.

a. Liebermann-Burchard test

b. Salkowski test

c. Keller-Killani test

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

b. Salkowski test

Test for deoxysugar portion of cardiac glycosides.

a. Liebermann-Burchard test

b. Salkowski test

c. Keller-Killani test

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

c. Keller-Killani test

Positive result of Keller-Killani test.

a. Reddish brown

b. Red orange

c. Yellow green

d. Green to brown

a. Reddish brown

Test for lactone portion of cardiac glycosides.

a. Liebermann-Burchard test

b. Salkowski test

c. Keller-Killani test

d. Kedde test

d. Kedde test

CARDENOLIDES CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES except:

Foxglove

Lily of the valley

Dogbane

Peasant's eye

Strophanthus Kombe

Oleander

Squill

a. Foxglove

b. Squill

c. Oleander

d. Dogbane

e. None

b. Squill - This is a bufadienolide.

Digitalis purpurea

Produce digoxin and digitoxin

a. Foxglove

b. Lily of the valley

c. Dogbane

d. Peasant's eye

a Fox glove

Has long half lives thus is toxic and unusable.

a. Digoxin

b. Digitoxin

b. Digitoxin

From Convallaria majalis which produced convallotoxin.

a. Foxglove

b. Lily of the valley

c. Dogbane

d. Peasant's eye

b. Lily of the valley

From Apocynum canabinum and contains cymarin.

a. Foxglove

b. Lily of the valley

c. Dogbane

d. Peasant's eye

c. Dogbane

From Adonis vernalis and contains adonitoxin.

a. Foxglove

b. Lily of the valley

c. Dogbane

d. Peasant's eye

d. Peasant's eye

Contains ouabain (g-strophanthin).

a. Peasant's eye

b. Strophanthus Kombe

c. Oleander

d. Squill

b. Strophanthus Kombe

From Nerium oleander and contains oleandrin.

a. Peasant's eye

b. Strophanthus Kombe

c. Oleander

d. Squill

c. Oleander

Not cardioactive type of cardiac glycoside.

a. Cardenolides

b. Bufadienolides

b. Bufadioenolides

BUFADIENOLIDES

a. Squill

b. Christmas rose

c. Common toad

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

They are of animal or plant origin.

From Urginea moritima and contains proscillaridine A and used as expectorant.

a. Squill

b. Christmas rose

c. Common toad

a. Squill

From Helleborus niger which contains hellebrin.

a. Squill

b. Christmas rose

c. Common toad

b. Christmas rose

From Bufo marinus which contains various bufadienolides.

a. Squill

b. Christmas rose

c. Common toad

c. Common toad

True about anthraquinone:

a. Product of acetate pathway

b. Derivatives are color orange to red-orange

c. Drastic cathartic

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Identification test for anthraquinones

a. Kedde test

b. Salkowski test

c. Keller-Killani test

d. Borntrager test

d. Borntrager test

ANTHRAQUINONE GLYCOSIDES

Cascara sagrada

Frangula

Aloe

Rhubarb

Senna

Chrysarobin

a. True

b. False

a. True

"Colorful Frogs Are Really Slimy, Creating horrible cramps"

Optical isomer of barbaloin.

a. Cascarosides A and B

b. Cascarosides C and D

c. Cascarosides A and C

d. Cascarosides B and D

a. Cascarosides A and B

Optical isomer of chrysaloin.

a. Cascarosides A and B

b. Cascarosides C and D

c. Cascarosides A and C

d. Cascarosides B and D

b. Cascarosides C and D

From Rhamnus purshianus which contains cascarosides A and B which are isomer of barbaloin.

a. Cascara sagrada

b. Frangula

c. Aloe

d. Rhubarb

a. Cascara sagrada

Purified mixture of anthranol glycosides mainly casanthranol.

a. Lane's pill

b. Dover's solution

c. Protargol

d. Lugol's solution

a. Lane's pill

Blackthorn bark, Rhamnus frangula

Component of movicol

a. Cascara sagrada

b. Frangula

c. Aloe

d. Rhubarb

b. Frangula

Movicol.

a. Karaya + Frangula

b. Karaya + Rhubarb

c. Tragacanth + Frangula

d. Tragacanth + Rhubarb

a. Karaya + Frangula

Curacao aloe or Cape aloe. Used as moisturizer, astringent, cathartic.

a. Cascara sagrada

b. Frangula

c. Aloe

d. Rhubarb

c. Aloe

From Aloe barbadensis , Aloe vera

a. Cuaracao aloe

b. Cape aloe

a. Cuaracao aloe

From Aloe ferox, Aloe africana, Aloe spicata.

a. Cuaracao aloe

b. Cape aloe

b. Cape aloe

Chief cathartic principle of aloe.

a. Cascarosides

b. Glucorhein

c. Ouabain

d. Barbaloin

d. Barbaloin

Contains glucorhein.

a. Cascara sagrada

b. Frangula

c. Aloe

d. Rhubarb

d. Rhubarb

Sources or rhubarb except:

a. Rheum officinale

b. Rheum palmatum

c. Rheum emodi or Rheum webbianum

d. Rheum raponatium

e. None

e. None

Chinese rhubarb.

a. Rheum officinale

b. Rheum palmatum

c. Rheum emodi or Rheum webbianum

d. Rheum raponatium

a. Rheum officinale

Indian or Himalayan rhubarb.

a. Rheum officinale

b. Rheum palmatum

c. Rheum emodi or Rheum webbianum

d. Rheum raponatium

c. Rheum emodi or Rheum webbianum

Medicinal rhubarb:

a. Rheum officinale

b. Rheum palmatum

c. Rheum emodi

d. Rheum webbianum

e. All

e. All

Ornamental rhubarb.

a. Rheum officinale

b. Rheum palmatum

c. Rheum emodi or Rheum webbianum

d. Rheum raponatium

d. Rheum raponatium

From Alexandria and Tinnevelly plants.

a. Aloe

b. Rhubarb

c. Senna

d. Chrysarobin

c. Senna

Cassia acutifolia

Broken leaves are used

a. Alexandria senna

b. Tinnevelly senna

a. Alexandria senna

Cassia angustifolia

Whole leaves are used

a. Alexandria senna

b. Tinnevelly senna

b. Tinnevelly senna

Color of best quality senna.

a. Emerald green

b. Dark green

c. Yellow green

d. Lime green

a. Emerald green

Color of poor quality senna.

a. Emerald green

b. Dark green

c. Yellow green

d. Lime green

c. Yellow green

Cultivated in wet glands that resembles rice paddies.

a. Senna

b. Aloe

c. Cascara

d. Rhubarb

a. Senna

From goa powder, Andira cararoba.

a. Aloe

b. Rhubarb

c. Senna

d. Chrysarobin

d. Chrysarobin

Only anthraquinone that is not used as cathartic but mainly used as keratolytic

a. Aloe

b. Rhubarb

c. Senna

d. Chrysarobin

d. Chrysarobin

Best extraction solvent for chrysarobin.

a. Hot benzene

b. Acetone

c. Ethanol

d. Isopropyl

a. Hot benzene

True about sapnonin glycosides except:

a. Aglycone: Sapogenin which can be neutral or acidic depending if it is triterpene or steriodal

b. Foam upon shaking

c. Has bitter acrid taste

d. Sternutatory (causes sneezing, mucous membrane irritant)

e. Destroy red blood cells of cold blooded animals thus fish poison.

f. None

f. None

Type of glycoside that can destroy red blood cells of cold blooded animals thus fish poison.

a. Cardiac

b. Anthraquinone

c. Saponin

d. Cyanogenic

c. Saponin

SAPONIN GLYCOSIDES

a. Licorice

b. Ginseng

c. Yam

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Sapotoxin is a toxic sapogenin.

a. True

b. False

a. True

Acidic saponin glycoside.

a. Triterpene saponin glycoside

b. Steroidal saponin glycoside

a. Triterpene saponin glycoside

Neutral saponin glycoside.

a. Triterpene saponin glycoside

b. Steroidal saponin glycoside

b. Steroidal saponin glycoside

Test for saponin glycosides.

a. Froth test

b. Hemolysis test

c. Capillary test

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

f. All

Triterpene saponin glycosides.

a. Licorice

b. Ginseng

c. Yam

d. a and b

e. b and c

f. All

d. a and b

From Glycyrrhiza glabra which contains glycyrrhizin.

High amounts can cause male infertility.

a. Licorice

b. Ginseng

c. Yam

a. Licorice

Increase the foaminess of beer and can mask the bitter taste of quinine similar to the resin, eriodictyon.

a. Licorice

b. Ginseng

c. Yam

a. Licorice

Asian ginseng.

a. Panax ginseng

b. Panax quinquefolius

c. Matricaria chamomilla

a. Panax ginseng

American ginseng.

a. Panax ginseng

b. Panax quinquefolius

c. Matricaria chamomilla

b. Panax quinquefolius

Ginseng of Europe.

a. Panax ginseng

b. Panax quinquefolius

c. Matricaria chamomilla

c. Matricaria chamomilla

Constituents of ginseng.

a. Panaxosides

b. Ginsenosides

c. Chikusetsusaponin

d. a and b

e. all

e. All

Chikusetsusaponin is a primary constituent of which saponin glycosides?

a. Licorice

b. Ginseng

c. Yam

d. All

b. Ginseng

Saponin glycoside which can be used as adaptogen and aphrodisiac

a. Licorice

b. Ginseng

c. Yam

d. All

b. Ginseng

Steroidal saponin containing diosgenin sourced from Dioscorea spiculiflora.

a. Licorice

b. Ginseng

c. Yam

c. Yam

Medicinal yam which is also the best source of steroids.

a. Dioscorea spiculiflora

b. Dioscorea floribunda

b. Dioscorea floribunda

True about cyanogenic glycosides.

a. Has capacity to release cyanide

b. Cyanophoric glycosides

c. Mainly found in family Rosaceae

d. a and b

e. All

e. All

Identification test for cyanogenic glycosides.

a. Keller-Killani test

b. Kedde test

c. Guignard test

d. Liebermann-Burchard test

c. Guignard test.

CYANOGENIC GLYCOSIDES.

I. Flax

II. Cassava

III. Lima bean

IV. Bitter almond

a. I, II, III, IV

b. I, II, III

c. I, II

d. III, IV

a. I, II, III, IV

Which of the following cyanogenic glycoside is different from among the others?

a. Flax

b. Cassava

c. Lima bean

d. Bitter almond

d. Bitter almond

Linum usitatissimum which contains linamarin.

a. Flax

b. Cassava

c. Lima bean

d. Bitter almond

a. Flax

Manihot esculenta which contain mannihotoxin.

a. Flax

b. Cassava

c. Lima bean

d. Bitter almond

b. Cassava

Phaseolus kenatus which contain phaseolunatin.

a. Flax

b. Cassava

c. Lima bean

d. Bitter almond

c. Lima bean

Prunus amygdalus which contains amygdalin.

a. Flax

b. Cassava

c. Lima bean

d. Bitter almond

d. Bitter almond

Reaction of amygdalin:

Amygdalin — (amygdalase) —> Glucose + Prunasin (mandelonitrile glucoside) — (prunase)—> Banzaldehyde + HCN

a. True

b. False

a. True

Specific enzyme responsible for the production of benzaldehye and HCN in amygdalin metabolism.

a. Amygdalase

b. Prunase

b. Prunase

Amygdalase + prunase.

a. Emulsin

b. Prunasin

a. Emulsin

Mandelonitrile glucoside.

a. Emulsin

b. Prunasin

c. Glucosamine

b. Prunasin

Aka Laetrile which is anticancer.

a. Vitamin B11

b. Vitamin B12

c. Vitamin B13

d. Vitamin B17

d. Vitamin B17

True about isothiocyanate glycosides except:

a. Glucosinolates or mustard glycosides

b. Aglycone portion isothiocyanate

c. Identification test include odor of mustard

d. Can also be test with FeCl3

e. None

e. None

ISOTHIOCYANATE GLYCOSIDES

I. Rapeseed

II. Water cress

III. Black mustard

IV. White mustard

a. I, II, III, IV

b. I, II, III

c. I, II

d. III, IV

a. I, II, III, IV

From Brassica napus which contains gluconapin.

a. Rapeseed

b. Water cress

c. Black mustard

d. White mustard

a. Rapeseed

From Nasturtium officinale which contains gluconasturtiin.

a. Rapeseed

b. Water cress

c. Black mustard

d. White mustard

b. Water cress

From Brassica nigra which contains sinigrin and myrosin.

a. Rapeseed

b. Water cress

c. Black mustard

d. White mustard

c. Black mustard

From Brassica alba which contains sinalbin.

a. Rapeseed

b. Water cress

c. Black mustard

d. White mustard

d. White mustard

Enzyme that hydrolyze sinigrin and sinalbin to form allyl and acrinyl isothiocyanate.

a. Allinase

b. Myrosinase

c. Prunase

d. Amygdalase

b. Myrosinase

Hydrolysis by myrosinase will produce allyl isothiocyanate.

a. Sinigrin

b. Sinilbin

a. Sinigrin

More volatile.

a. Sinigrin

b. Sinilbin

a. Sinigrin

Hydrolysis by myrosinase will produce acrinyl isothiocyanate.

a. Sinigrin

b. Sinalbin

b. Sinalbin

Sulfoxide of garlic which is hydrolyzed upon crashing.

a. Alliin

b. Alliicin

c. Allinase

a. Alliin