SOCI 362 (Huang) - Criminology - Exam 1 (pt.4)

T/F: According to Messner and Rosenfeld's institutional anomie theory, the ideology of economic supremacy can create an environment conducive to crime/deviance.

true

T/F: If someone lost a valuable thing (such as full-time job) and became very frustrated/upset, then according to general strain theory, the source of this person's negative feelings should come from the presentation of positive stimulus

false: the removal of positively valued things

T/F: According to institutional anomie theory, strain will be experienced by unemployed or lower-class people only

false: all social members

T/F: Modern strain theorists (e.g., Robert Agnew) emphasize that some stressful situations (like failing to win lottery) do NOT necessarily lead to crime/delinquency

true

T/F: In criminology and delinquency, Robert Agnew argues that the disjunction between aspirations (ideals) and actual achievements usually will NOT lead to strain

true

T/F: According to Cloward and Ohlin, teenagers who identify with the subculture of retreatism may become priests or nuns

false: drug addicts

T/F: If someone rejects socially/culturally--endorsed goals, but still following socially/culturally approved rules and obeying the law, then according to Robert Merton's adaptation model, this person should be considered as a criminal or delinquent

false: ritualist

T/F: In criminology and delinquency, institutional anomie theorists maintain that the most influential value of modern American society is sexism

false: fetishism of money

T/F: In criminology and delinquency, Robert Merton proposes a typology of social adaptations to see how (strained) people deal with stressful situations. The category ritualism is best exemplified by human smugglers

false: monks

T/F: According to general strain theory, strained people may try to lower their outcomes if they believe that they are under-rewarded

false: increase their outcomes

T/F: In criminology and delinquency, Emile Durkheim argues that anomie usually will take place in pre-industrial or simple societies, like the Acadian village of the 19th-century Louisiana

false: industrial societies

T/F: In terms of social evaluation, people of Gesellschaft tend to pay more attention to ascribed statuses than to individual achievements

false: gemeinschaft

T/F: In theory, people should show higher level of tolerating deviance/delinquency in gemeinschaft than in gesellschaft

false: lower

T/F: In terms of research focus, classic strain theorists tend to concentrate their attention on the life experiences of upper-class people

false: lower class people

T/F: According to general strain theory, the removal of positively valued goals usually is associated with a social comparison process

false: the process/procedure people percieve

T/F: Generally speaking, kids from single parent-headed families are more likely to experience strain than their counterparts who are from families where both parents are present.

true

T/F: In criminology and delinquency, one of the most influential perspectives of classic strain theory is differential opportunity theory. Such perspective is developed by Robert Merton

false: Cloward and Ohlin

T/F: In institutional anomie theory, Messner and Rosenfeld argue that certain social qualities (like mutual help and sympathy) in America are disappearing because of Americans' identification with wealth

true

T/F: According to studies, Asian Americans have the lowest percentages of single parent-headed households in America

true

T/F: In theory, new immigrants who have relatives or friends in America are more likely to overcome strain than those new immigrants who do not have such networks

true

T/F: According to Merton's classification of adaptation modes, one of the best examples for the category of retreatism is the alcoholic

true

T/F: According to Merton's classification of adaptation modes, one of the best examples for the category of ritualism is hedonists

true

T/F: According to Merton's classification of adaptation modes, one of the best examples for the category of ritualism is chronic welfare recipients

true

T/F: According to Merton's classification of adaptation modes, one of the best examples for the category of retreatism is bohemians

true

T/F: According to Merton's classification of adaptation modes, one of the best examples for the category of rebellion is communists/socialists

true

T/F: According to Merton's classification of adaptation modes, one of the best examples for the category of rebellion is anarchists

true

T/F: According to Merton's classification of adaptation modes, one of the best examples for the category of rebellion is terrorists

true

T/F: According to Merton's classification of adaptation modes, one of the best examples for the category of rebellion is problem students

false: social reformers

Both mechanical and organic solidities are types of interpersonal interaction/social cohesion. Mechanic solidarity usually can be found in places like ________.

a. Lafayette, LA

b. Houston, TX

c. Washington DC

d. Maurice, LA

e. New Orleans, LA

d. Maurice, LA

Which of the following, according to Cloward and Ohlin, will encourage adolescents to get involved in tough and masculine activities, especially interpersonal violence/street fighting?

a. retreatist subculture

b. conflict subculture

c. criminal subculture

d. violent subculture

e. abusive subculture

b. conflict subculture

Some adolescents got involved in delinquency because the things they value were removed. Which of the following is a coping strategy used by such adolescents?

a. trying to stay calm

b. seeking revenge against those responsible for the removal of positive things

c. regaining lost things through misconducts, like theft

d. using drug

e. all of the above

c. regaining lost things through misconducts, like theft

Which of the following can encourage strained persons to use non-delinquent methods to handle stressful events?

a. if a society at large can provide emotional or financial support

b. if a desired goal becomes replaceable

c. if teenagers are taught that the potential costs of delinquency are far greater than associated benefits

d. if horrible stories of "bad" models are told

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

General strain theorists argue that when negative stimuli (e.g., physical abuse, verbal threat/insult, conflictual relationships with parents/friends/school teachers, etc) are present, the most common coping strategy adopted by frustrated people/teenagers is ________.

a. aggression

b. alienation/isolation

c. communication

d. reflection

e. indifference

a. aggression

If we follow Merton's classification system of social adaptations, then we can infer that ________ may be the ones who are least likely to become involved in crime/delinquency.

a. retreatists

b. revolutionaries

c. innovators

d. rebels

e. ritualists

e. ritualists

If we use Emile Durkheim's concept of anomie to analyze the societal context of strain, then organic solidarity usually can be found in places like _______.

a. Toronto

b. Phoenix

c. Chicago

d. Hong Kong

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

Which of the following is a critique of strain theories:

a. early strain theorists tend to over-emphasize the violent nature of human behavior

b. early strain theorists tend to overlook property crime

c. early strain theorists tend to overlook female delinquency

d. early strain theory includes some philosophic terms

e. all of the above

e. all of the above

From the angle of structure, which of the following is NOT a stable dimension of crime/delinquency?

a. racial background

b. gender

c. social class

d. living environment

e. criminal experience

e. criminal experience

According to general strain theory, some people may commit crimes/delinquent acts if they believe that social resources (especially money) are not distributed fairly/equally (i.e., there is a disjunction between expected outcome and actual outcome). Which of the following is one of such delinquent acts?

a. lower inputs for other people

b. increase outcomes for myself

c. increase inputs for myself

d. lower outcomes for myself

e. increase outcomes for other people

b. increase outcomes for myself

According to Robert Agnew, the most important/noteworthy emotional reaction to strain is ________.

a. anger

b. ignorance

c. depression

d. retaliation

e. withdrawal

a. anger

According to Merton's adaptation mode model, which of the following are innovators?

a. stock manipulators

b. con men

c. burglars

d. identity thieves

e. all of the above

e. all of the above