Transport - Anatomy and Physiology

Blood is a __________ tissue that travels throughout the body by the heart and blood vessels.

connective

The __________ values primarily indicate the amount of red blood cells in a given volume of blood.

hematocrit

Red blood cells are also called __________.

erythrocytes

The __________ controls red blood cell production through negative feedback.

erythropoietin

Formed elements are made up of __________, white blood cells, and platelets.

red blood cells

Blood has a general pH of __________ to __________.

7.35, 7.45

The liver and spleen phagocytize damaged red blood cells; this process is carried out by __________.

macrophages

A __________ is a mass that lodges and obstructs a blood vessel.

embolism

Hemoglobin is a __________ protein found in red blood cells that carries O2 and CO2.

globular

The normal RBC count for adult males ranges from __________ to __________ per microliter.

4,700,000, 6,100,000

What is the primary function of lymphocytes?

To provide immune responses against pathogens.

__________ are a type of myeloid cell that ingest and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis.

Neutrophils

What role do eosinophils play in the body?

They are involved in combating parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

__________ are white blood cells that release histamine during allergic reactions.

Basophils

Monocytes transform into __________ when they migrate into tissues and help with immune response.

macrophages

What are the four main types of white blood cells?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils.

What is the function of neutrophils?

To ingest and destroy pathogens through phagocytosis.

What type of white blood cell produces antibodies?

B lymphocytes.

What is the primary function of T lymphocytes?

To attack infected or cancerous cells.

Which white blood cells are primarily involved in allergic reactions?

Basophils.

What is the life span of a typical white blood cell?

The life span of a typical white blood cell varies significantly depending on its type: neutrophils usually live for about 5 days, lymphocytes can survive for weeks to years, monocytes live for about a day in the bloodstream but can live longer once they enter tissues and transform into macrophages, and eosinophils generally have a life span of about 8-12 days.

What is the role of monocytes in the immune system?

To transform into macrophages and help with immune response.

How do eosinophils respond to parasitic infections?

By attacking and destroying the parasites and mediating allergic responses.

What triggers the production of white blood cells?

Infections, inflammation, and immune responses.

What is the primary function of the cardiovascular system?

To transport oxygen and nutrients to all cells in the body by pumping blood through an extensive system of blood vessels.

What organ is central to the cardiovascular system?

The heart.

How many gallons of blood does the heart pump daily?

2,000 gallons.

What are the two main phases of the heart's pumping action?

Diastole (relaxation) and systole (contraction).

What are the upper chambers of the heart called?

Atria.

What are the lower chambers of the heart called?

Ventricles.

How does oxygen-depleted blood travel from the heart to the lungs?

It flows out of the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery.

What occurs in the alveoli of the lungs?

Gas exchange, where blood picks up oxygen and gives off carbon dioxide.

Which artery carries oxygen-rich blood to the rest of the body?

The aorta.

What are the two distinct sounds of the heart called?

Lub (S1) and dub (S2).

What does S1 represent in heart sounds?

The closing of the mitral and tricuspid valves.

What does S2 represent in heart sounds?

The closing of the aortic and pulmonic valves.

What is hypertension?

High blood pressure that can be caused by genetics, high stress levels, and dietary factors.

What measurement indicates the phase when the heart pumps blood?

Systolic blood pressure.

What measurement indicates the phase when the heart is relaxed?

Diastolic blood pressure.

What can low blood pressure cause?

Headaches and tiredness.

What health issues can arise from abnormal cardiovascular health?

Heart attacks, heart disease, or strokes.

What lifestyle changes can improve cardiovascular health?

Regular exercise, a balanced diet low in sodium and saturated fats, and avoiding smoking.

What is atherosclerosis?

The build-up of plaque in the arteries that can reduce blood flow and increase blood pressure.

What is congestive heart failure?

A condition where the heart cannot pump enough blood throughout the body.

What kind of disease is peripheral arterial disease similar to?

Stroke, but it primarily affects the lower limbs.

What can happen if the walls of the aorta are weakened?

An aneurysm can occur, which may lead to a rupture.

What role do baroreceptors play in regulating blood pressure?

They are