CSDI 4440 Quiz 1 Neuroanatomy and Gross Structure of the Human Nervous System

Define brain interconnectivity.

Constant interactivity for information (This is how we communicate, how activities occur...)

What are association fibers?

Within the same hemisphere

What are commissural fibers?

Connect areas across hemispheres

What is the thickest commissural fiber that connects the right and left hemispheres?

Corpus Callosum

What are projection fibers?

Connect the cortex with other brain centers or the spinal cord

What makes up the central nervous system?

The brain and spinal cord

What is the CNS the decision maker for?

Integration of incoming/outgoing information, analyzes and synthesizes of a variety of information, and generation of appropriate response

Incoming = ?

Sensory

Outgoing = ?

Motor

True or False? We have all types of sensory information coming in.

True

True or False? In terms of hierarchic organization, each level reflects organizational complexity. Therefore, complexity increases with ascending levels.

True

Complexity increases with ascending levels - Describe the lowest level.

Spinal cord- reflexes (Very simple processes such as reflexes. You do not need cortical activity to have a reflex)

True or False? You do not need cortical activity to have a reflex.

True

Complexity increases with ascending levels- Describe the highest level.

Cerebral cortex- sensory-motor integration and higher mental functions (cognition, language, etc)

Complexity increases with ascending levels- Describe the intermediate level.

Brainstem- regulation of consciousness, sleep, respiration

Describe bilateral anatomic symmetry.

What you have on the left, you have on the right

Describe unilateral functional differences.

Dominant hemispheres refer to the hemisphere where language is housed

True or False? Left hemispheric dominance for language (*For most people).

True

True or False? Right hemispheric dominance for emotions, visual-spatial skills, musical skills, paralinguistic functions (intonation, reading body language, etc.), and attention.

True

Describe contralateral sensorimotor control.

The left hemisphere controls the right side of the body and vice versa regarding motor movement

What accounts for contralaterality?

Decussation of fibers

What does decussation mean?

Crossing

Define decussation of fibers.

The fibers are crossing over from one side to the other

Define networking.

A network of multiple neurons working together on one specialized function

True or False? Distinct parallel pathways conduct different types of information.

True

Describe sensory fibers.

Touch and discriminative touch

Describe motor efferents.

Pathways to various limbs

Specialized nerve cells that respond to pain versus temperature versus touch.

Specialized nerve cells that initiate movement versus processing movement.

How many cranial nerves are there?

12

What is the order of the 12 cranial nerves?

Only One Of The Two Athletes Felt Very Good, Victorious, And Healthy

I. Olfactory

II. Optic

III. Oculomotor

IV. Trochlear

V. Trigeminal

VI. Abducens

VII. Facial

VIII. Vestibulcochlear

IX. Glossopharygneal

X. Vagus

XI. Accessory

XII. Hypoglossal

What does the spinal cord link?

The body and brain

Where does the spinal cord begin?

Begins at caudal continuation of medulla

True or False? The spinal cord has meningeal layers.

True

Where is the spinal cord housed?

Housed in vertebrae

What is the spinal cord composed of?

Composed of gray and white matter

Are the spinal nerves apart of the PNS or CNS?

Spinal nerves are part of the PNS

How many segments are in the spinal cord?

31

How many spinal nerves are there?

31

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

8

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

12

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

5

How many sacral vertebrae are there?

5

How many coccygeal vertebrae are there?

1

What is the oldest part of the brain (evolution-wise)?

Limbic Lobe (System)

What is the function of the limbic lobe (system)?

Regulation of emotional drive to visceral and vegetative functions (feeding, fleeing, fighting, and mating) (think haunted house) and values and decisions about perceptions and feeling (think peer cheating on test)

The postcentral gyrus is also known as the...

sensory cortex (Broadmann's area 3, 2, 1)

The precentral gyrus is also known as the...

primary motor cortex

How may lobes are the brain are there?

five

What are the five lobes of the brain?

Frontal, parietal, occipital, temporal, and insular

What is the largest lobe of the brain? Approx. ~1/3 of hemisphere.

Frontal lobe

What are the major areas of the frontal lobe?

Precentral gyrus, also known as the primary motor cortex, premotor area, and the prefrontal cortex

What is Broadmann's area number for the primary motor cortex, or precentral gyrus?

Area 4

What is Broadmann's area number for the premotor cortex?

Area 6

Complex & skilled movements

What is Broadmann's area number for the prefrontal cortex?

Area 10-12

Contributes to various cognitive functions- personality, reasoning, thinking, executive decision

What is Broadmann's area for the inferior frontal gyrus?

Area 44

What lobe of the brain exists between the frontal and occipital lobes?

Parietal lobe

What lobe of the brain is forsal to the temporal lobe?

Parietal lobe

The ______________ lobe extends from the parietal-occipital sulcus to the central notch.

parietal

What is the postcentral gyrus also known as...

Primary sensory cortex

What are the prime real estate areas in the inferior parietal lobe?

Angular gyrus and supramarginal gyrus

What kind of fibers does the angular gyrus have?

Association fibers

What kind of fibers does the supramarginal gyrus have?

Association fibers

What is lobe of the brain is only a small portion on the lateral surface of the cortex?

Occipital

What lobe houses the primary and secondary visual cortical areas?

Occipital

What three prominent gyri do the temporal lobe contain?

Superior, medial, and inferior

What lobe of the brain contains the primary auditory cortex?

Temporal

Where is Heschl's gyrus found?

Primary auditory cortex

What is the Broadmann's area number(s) for Heschl's gyrus?

Area 41, 42

Where is the superior temporal gyrus found?

Temporal lobe

What is the superior temporal gyrus known as?

Wernike's Area

What is the Broadmann's area for Wernike's area/superior temporal gyrus?

Area 22

What is the coordinating center for comprehension?

Superior temporal gyrus (Area 22) (Wernike's Area)

Where is the medial temporal lobe found?

Temporal lobe

What is the medial temporal lobe also known as?

Hippocampus

What structure's function is memory and olfaction?

Medial temporal lobe - Hippocampus

What lobe of the brain is known as the "forgotten lobe?"

Insular

What lobe of the brain is concealed within lateral fissure?

Insular

What lobe of the brain consists of short and long gyri that run parallel to each other?

Insular

The ________ lobe of the brain plays a role in limbic and sensorimotor functions.

Insular

Cerebral Hemispheres *Landmarks to know

Longitudinal fissure

Central sulcus

Lateral fissure

Parieto-occipital sulcus

Pre-occipital sulcus

Cerebral Hemispheres- Longitudinal fissure

Midline; separates left and right hemispheres

Cerebral Hemispheres- Central sulcus

Fissure of Rolando; separates frontal and parietal lobes

Cerebral Hemispheres- Lateral fissure

Sylvian Fissure; separates the frontal and temporal lobes

Cerebral Hemispheres- Parieto-occipital sulcus

Separates the parietal and occipital lobes

Cerebral Hemispheres- Pre-occipital sulcus

Separates temporal and occipital lobes

What is the cytoarchitectural map?

Map of cellular architecture of map

What is the cytoarchitectural map most frequently used for?

Brodmann's (Brodmann's area is for the adult brain ONLY)

What does the Brodmann's area do?

Divides the brain into ~50 regions

True or False? Brodmann's area is for the adult brain only.

True

True or False? There are six layers throughout the entire cerebral cortex.

True

True or False? There is variation in layers depending on where you are in the cerebral cortex.

True

Different cortical regions contain different configurations of cellular layers.

Different configurations reflect specialized functions for brain areas.

Ventricle cavities circulate what?

CSF

Where is CSF produced (made)?

The choroid plexus

What is the origin of CSF?

Choroid plexus

How many ventricles are there?

Four interconnected ventricles

How many lateral ventricles are there?

Two

What are lateral ventricles connected by?

Connected by interventricular foramen (foramen of Monro) to 3rd ventricle