A&P Chapter 1 & 3 Study Guide

Anatomy

The study of the internal and external structures of the human body

Microscopic Anatomy

The study of structures that can only be seen and studied with magnification aids such as a microscope

Macroscopic Anatomy is also known as…

Gross anatomy

Macroscopic Anatomy

The study of the structures of the body visible to the naked, or unaided, eye

Eytology

The study of cellular structures

Histology

The study of tissue samples

Physiology

Focuses on the function and vital processes of the various structures making up the human body

Disease is…

Anything that upsets normal structures or functions; when the body fails to function normally

Pathophysiology

The study of disease

Homeostasis

When the body works to make things function smoothly and maintain a balance

Vitals signs of disease

body temperature, pulse, respiration, and blood pressure

Syndrome

A set of signs and symptoms that commonly occur with a specific disease process

Mortality

The measure of the number of deaths attributed to a specific disease in a given population over a period of time

Morbidity

The measure of the disabilities and extent of problems caused by an illness

Endemic

A disease that is continually present within a specific population or region

Epidemic

A disease that occurs suddenly in large numbers over a specific region

Pandemic

A disease that spreads country or worldwide

Vector borne transmission

disease spread by insect or other animal

Biological vector

infected insect spreads infection to person

Mechanical vector

organism present on surface of insect is spread to person

Direct contact

when a person becomes sick due to direct contact with a contagious body fluid

Prognosis

the prediction of the outcome of a disease

Terminal disease

Diseases that have a prognosis of death

Relapses

Recurrences of signs and symptoms of disease

Exacerbation

When signs and symptoms “flare up”

Etiology

The cause of disease

Chronic conditions

Gradual onset, relapses, and remissions

Remissions

Symptoms and signs that disappear

Acute conditions

Rapid onset of signs and symptoms

Chief complaint/concern (CC)

The concise, stated reason a patient seeks medical attention, usually in their own words

Negative Feedback loop

works by counteracting a change in a system, bringing it back towards a stable state, or set point

Positive Feedback loop

occurs in nature when the product of a reaction leads to an increase in that reaction

Metabolism

Refers to all the energy and material transformations that occur within living cells

Anabolism

The process by which simpler compounds are built up and used to manufacture material for growth, repair, and reproduction

Catabolism

The process by which complex substances are broken down into simpler substances

Element

The smallest unit that retains the unique chemical properties of that specific type of matter

Atoms

The smallest particle of elements that still maintain all the characteristics of that element

Molecule

Two or more atoms joined together

Protons

Positively charged molecules

Neutrons

Neutral particles

Electrons

Negatively charged particles

Ions

atoms with positive or negative charges

electrolytes

charged ions found within the body

Ionic bond

when one atoms donates electrons to another atom

Covalent bond

If the electrons are shared by the atoms involved in the bond

Double bond

Where two pairs of electrons are shared

Hydrophilic molecules

Charged molecules containing elements such as oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen mix easily with water.

Hydrophobic molecules

Do not carry a charge, such as fats and oils, and do not mix well with water.

Solution

when one substance is dissolved in another

Solvent

The substance doing the dissolving, usually water in living things

Diluent

Fillers or thinners

Carbohydrates

Sugars or starches used as energy sources and as structural molecules

Monosaccharides

Simple sugars, your body’s chief fuel

Disaccharide

When two monosaccharides are linked together

Polysaccharides

Made when many monosaccharides are linked together

Glycogen

a molecule in your liver that is used to store energy

Lipids

consist of mainly carbon and hydrogen

Denaturation

the process by which proteins lose their structure by application of an external stress or compound

Proteins

molecules made of long chains of amino acids

Substrates

When the reaction is finished, the enzyme goes back to get more molecules