bio lab final

allele

one of two or more versions of the same gene (2 alleles per genotype in every person)

allele frequency

frequency of a particular allele in a given population

Genotype

particular combination of alleles for a particular gene trait (ex. hair color)

phenotype

the observable expression of a trait (ex. brown and red hair)

Difference between genotype and phenotype

genetic makeup of organism, DNA heritable is genotype and phenotype is what is expressed trait based on genotype and environment

AA

homozygous dominant

Aa

heterozygous

aa

homozygous recessive

Hardy Weinburg Equilllibrium

states that genetic variation in a population will remain constant from one generation to the next

The hardy weinburg equillibrium 5 assumptions

1. Large population

2. Random mating

3. No natural selection

4. No mutation

5. No migration

Purpose of HWE assumptions

to see how frequently genes evolve

genotype frequency

p²+2pq +q²= 1

Type A

has N-acetylgalactoasmine on red blood cell surface

Type B

has galactose on red blood surface

Type O

has no antigen

which blood is compatible

A: A or O

B: B or O

AB: all

Type O: O

Type O negative: universal

Antigens

these microscopic sugar markers, or sugar tags are attached to the outside of your blood cells

Antibody

A protein produced by blood cells that can bind to a specific part of an antigen, tagging for removal by the immune system

evolution

a change in allele frequencies in a population overtime, this process results in heritable changes in a population spread over many generations

macro-evolution

a process that generally takes a really long time to occur, from thousands to millions of years

Genetic mutation

errors that occur during DNA replication, good/bad

how can evolution happen in mutation

if it occurs in the cell giving rise to sperm or eggs (ex.sickle cell anemia)

Migration

when populations migrate from one region to another, they facilitate gene flow, which changes the allele frequencies of a population over time

Genetic drift

populations drift towards one allele becoming more common because of random events.

Natural selection

organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring therefore conserving favorable traits for future generations

what are the 5 mechanisms of evolution

1. Genetic Mutations

2. Migration

3. Genetic Drift

4. Natural selection

5. Sexual Selection

sexual selection

natural selection arising through preference by one sex for certain characteristic individuals of the other sex (non random mating)

convergent evolution

occurs when two independent taxa (organisms) evolve the same or a similar trait independently of one another

Photosynthesis equation

Input: sunlight + H20 + CO2, enzymes and pigments > O2 + sugar C6H12O6

Cellular Respiration equation

sugar C6H12O6, enzymes > Heat(ATP) + H20 + CO2

1st part of photosynthesis

Photo segment: light captured, temporarily store in energy storage molecules. water splits and forms oxygen and all occurs in thylakoid membranes

2nd part of photosynthesis

Synthesis: sugar or glucose is made which occurs in stroma of the chloroplast-fluid filled sac

What is photosynthetic cell made up with

Chloroplasts: organelle in which photosynthesis occurs

Chlorophyll: photosynthetic pigment in the chloroplasts

Ecology

study of how organisms interact with each other and their environment

Abiotic

non-living parts of an ecosystem that influence living organisms and ecosystem

Biotic

living organisms in ecosystem (plants, animals, microorganisms)

native

evolved in region

non-native

revolved in another region and was transported here relatively recently

invasive

non-natives that negatively impact or outcompeting native species

Purpose of Gel Red

to visualize DNA, RNA, and single-stranded DNA in agarose and polycrylamide gels

sickle cell anemia

can cause blood clots, but also protects against malaria, so it had been maintained in human population

allele fixation

when an allele eventually becomes the only allele for a gene present in a population

rain shadows

a region of relatively low rainfall that occurs downwind of a mountainside facing away from the direction of the wind

divergent evolution

describes how closely related species evolve different traits from a common ancestor

north slope topographic effects

less sunlight = more water

south slope topographic effects

more sunlight = less water

electrolysis

The process of using electrical energy to cause a non-spontaneous chemical reaction. 

DNA ladder

acts as a ruler to compare our samples to

convergent evolution example

the similar body shape of sharks and dolphins

divergent evolution example

Darwin's finches on the Galapagos Islands, where different finch species evolved diverse beak shapes based on their food sources

3 steps of alu-pv

1. DNA isolation 2.PCR 3. DNA visualization

PCR

denaturation: heat splits unzips the DNA double helix, annealing: primers binds to ends of target sequence of DNA elongation:new nucleotides and added by Taq polymerase making copies of our DNA segment

cell theory

all cells arise from preexisting cells (share DNA), All life is cellular

when does blood agglutinate

if the antigens in the patient's blood match the antibodies in the test tube, this indicates it’s positive

sexual selection examples

peacock tails, male deer antlers, male gorilla size

genetic drift example

genetic drift is a small population of rabbits where some rabbits have brown fur (allele B) and some have white fur (allele b)