Unit 6: Animal Vertebrates Bio A

Which is a vertebrate?

1. snake

2. worm

3. jellyfish

4. lobster

Snakes contain backbones, which classifies them as vertebrates.

In what area of Earth did the first vertebrates evolve?

the water/fish were the first vertebrates to evolve.

Which of the following is a characteristic of invertebrates?

Invertebrates are multicellular, but do not possess a backbone, a closed circulatory system, or highly developed senses

Which group of organisms is the oldest group on earth?

fish/Fish evolved in the world's oceans nearly 530 million years ago, much longer ago than reptiles, mammals, or amphibians.

Which organism is similar to jawless fish, the first vertebrates to evolve?

Lampreys are a group of fish that don't have jaws.

Vertebrates possess which characteristic?

cephalized/Vertebrates have highly developed sensory organs in their heads, making them cephalized.

Which is a bony fish?

Pufferfish have bones in their skeletons, making them bony fish

Which trait is a characteristic of cartilaginous fish?

Most cartilaginous fish have spiracles that aid in breathing.

Which group of fish is bilaterally flattened?

Bony fish are bilaterally flattened, making each side a mirror image of the other.

Which is an example of a lobe-fin fish?

The lungfish is a lobe-fin fish, while the other examples are all ray-fin fish.

How many dorsal fins do ray-fin fish have?

 Ray-fin fish only have one dorsal fin/while lobe-fin fish have two.

Which group evolved before the others?

1. skates

2. sharks

3. chimaeras

4. rays

Sharks evolved nearly 420 million years ago. Chimaeras, skates, and rays are all related to sharks through their ancestry.

Which of these characteristics helps differentiate between the orders of amphibians?

The three orders of amphibians each have their own way to move so their type of transportation.

Which of the following is an order of amphibian?

Caudata/Anura/Gymnophiona

Which of the following is a characteristic of all amphibians?

ectothermic/All amphibians are cold-blooded animals.

Which animal below belongs to the Gymnophiona order of amphibian?

caecilians/Gymnophiona are known as having no legs.

What characterizes the life cycle of amphibians?

metamorphosis/All amphibians go through a two-stage life cycle.

What mode of transportation do Anura use?

jumping/Anura have four legs with longer forelimbs.

Which of the following is a characteristic of all reptiles?

breathe with lungs/Reptiles are cold-blooded, scaly vertebrates.

What kind of eggs do reptiles lay?

amniotic/Reptiles lay eggs after the male and female mate.

How are fish different from reptiles?

fish breathe with gills/Fish have scales and are ectothermic like reptiles.

How are amphibians different from reptiles?

amphibians do not lay amniotic eggs/Amphibians are ectothermic vertebrates.

Which of the following is a reptile?

1. lizard

2. frog

3. squid

4. shark

lizard/A reptile is a vertebrate with dry, scaly skin.

Which part of the amniotic egg provides a permeable protective layer around the embryo?

shell membrane/The egg has a protective layer around it to let moisture and air in and keep bacteria out.

What are the evolutionary ancestors of birds?

dinosaurs/Birds share a lot of the characteristics of these prehistoric animals.

Which of the following is characteristic of all birds?

oviparous/All birds give birth to eggs.

Which type of bird feather is used for warmth?

down feathers/Every bird has contour(define the body outline and serve as aerodynamic devices), flight(used for flying), and down feathers.

Which of the following characteristics changes from bird species to bird species?

they flock together/Some birds are solitary creatures and do not flock with other birds of the same species.

What determines a bird’s diet?

Its beak shape./Birds have specific adaptations that allow them to eat certain types of foods.

What does a raptorial bird eat?

live animals/A raptorial bird has a large, hooked beak.

Which two characteristics are only found among mammals?

milk and hair/Only female mammals nurse their young.

What are the differences among mammals based on?

embryo development/Different kinds of mammals have their own way of developing their young.

Which structure do marsupials use to nurture their young?

a pouch/Marsupials are birthed early, but still carried by their mothers.

Mammals use these specialized structures for gas exchange.

lungs/These structures bring in oxygen and take out carbon dioxide.

Mammals are warm-blooded animals. Which word list below is a synonym for warm-blooded?

endotherm/Heat is produced when food energy is converted to thermal energy.

What helps mammals conserve their heat?

hair/This can be thick or thin, depending on the climate where the mammal lives.

Which characteristics help primates to swing in trees?

opposable thumb and clavicles/Primates need to grasp and move flexibly.

Which bone allows for flexible shoulder movement?

the clavicle/This bone connects the arm to the upper part of the body.

Which feature helps primates to grasp objects?

an opposable thumb/This feature allows the hand the flexibility to manipulate objects.

What two features do Strepsirrhini primates use to groom themselves?

a grooming claw and tooth comb/These features are why Strepsirrhini primates normally scratch and nibble their fur.

Nocturnal primates have which specialized structure to see better at night?

a tapetum lucidum/This specialized structure is found behind the retina.

H. neanderthalensis had stocky bodies as an adaptation to which condition?

the cold/These hominids lived mostly in higher latitudes in North Asia and Europe.

What structure do all vertebrates have?

backbone/Vertebrates all have a structure in their skeletal system that provides support.

What is the main purpose of bones like the skull and rib cage?

they protect important internal organs/The heart is inside the rib cage and the brain is inside the skull.

Which are purposes of the skeletal system other than structure and support?

making platelets and storing calcium/Animals need to create new blood cells and store the element needed for muscle and nerve function.

Which term describes the flexible material found in human ears and noses?

cartilage/This tissue also makes up the skeleton of sharks, and it contains very few minerals.

Which bone functions in protecting the brain?

cranium/This bone is another term for the skull.

What kind of joint is found in the shoulders and hips?

ball-and-socket/This joint allows for circular movement.

Which function of the muscular system involves coordination with the skeletal system?

movement/The muscles of the muscular system need a framework to which they can attach.

Which is a structure that is both involuntary and striated, and has a purpose of pumping blood throughout the body?

cardiac muscle/Involuntary muscles are not under our control; striated muscles are made of repeating units.

Which is the function of smooth muscle?

to contract organs and other structures of the body/This type of muscle is found inside blood vessels and the digestive tract.

Which muscle group is responsible for attaching the arm to the body?

pectoral/This muscle is also the one you feel when you do a push-up, or throw something side-arm.

Which group of muscles is the largest group of muscles in the body and helps in maintaining an upright posture and climbing stairs?

gluteus/This muscle is found on your posterior.

Which structure attaches muscle to bone?

tendon/One of the largest of these structures in our body is called the Achilles.

What is the sensory modality of smell?

chemicals/Each sense has a particular modality, or mode in which its stimulus exists.

What is the primary difference between chemoreceptors that connect to the olfactory regions of your brain and those that connect to the gustatory regions?

their location/Chemoreceptors are concentrated in both the nose and the mouth, and they function very similarly.

Turkeys can see wavelengths of light that are shorter (ultraviolet) than those we can see. What is the most likely reason for this?

Because it has photoreceptors that we do not have./The spectrum of stimuli that each animal can sense depends on the variation of sensory receptors it has for that modality. Each animal has a limited detection range, based on its specialized sensory cells and their membrane proteins.

What are the five main senses of vertebrates?

hearing, sight, touch, taste, and smell/The abilities an animal has to identify its internal and external environments are called its senses.

To what stimulus do photoreceptors respond?

light/ In vertebrates, the primary concentration of photoreceptors is on the back of two eyes, in the retinas.

A patient is unable to smell coffee or chocolate. Which sensory receptors are likely the problem?

chemoreceptors in the nose/Detection and perception of environmental stimuli occur at the sensory receptors and in the central nervous system (CNS), respectively. For each sense, an animal has receptors that detect a spectrum of stimuli--multiple wavelengths of light, multiple chemical odorants, etc.