Memory Chapter 7

A set of flashcards covering key concepts and definitions related to memory processes from Chapter 7.

What are the three general phases of memory?

Encoding, Storage, Retrieval

What is the difference between effortful and automatic encoding?

Effortful encoding requires conscious effort, while automatic encoding occurs without intent.

What does the Levels-of-Processing Framework suggest about memory?

That there are varying depths of processing: deeper processing leads to better recall.

What is distinctiveness in memory?

The processing of difference in a context of similarity, where distinct items are easier to remember.

What impact does distinctiveness have on memory recall?

Distinctive items are more easily recalled but may have costs with adjacent items.

What is the Method of Loci?

A mnemonic technique that involves visual imagery and assigning items to locations in a familiar environment.

How does practice testing improve memory retention?

Participants are about 2.5 times more likely to remember information after practice quizzes.

What is the difference between recall and recognition in memory retrieval?

Recall requires retrieving information without cues, while recognition involves identifying previously encountered information.

What is the Encoding-Specificity Principle?

The idea that memory performance is enhanced when the conditions during encoding match those during retrieval.

What is the misinformation effect?

A phenomenon where a person's memory of an event is altered by misleading information presented after the event.

What are the two types of interference in memory forgetting?

Retroactive interference (new information affects old) and proactive interference (old information affects new).

What is anterograde amnesia?

A type of memory loss characterized by the inability to create new memories.

What is retrograde amnesia?

A type of memory loss characterized by the inability to recall past events.

What was Bartlett's conclusion from 'War of the Ghosts'?

Memory is a reconstructive process, shaped by cultural influences and specific experience.

What is flashbulb memory?

Vivid, detailed memories of emotionally significant events.

What role does rehearsal play in Short-Term Memory?

Rehearsal is necessary to maintain information in Short-Term Memory.

What is the central executive in Baddeley's Working Memory model?

It controls attention and integrates information from the phonological loop and visuo-spatial sketchpad.

How does spacing affect memory consolidation?

Spacing study sessions tends to improve long-term retention of information.

What is the typical duration of sensory memory?

Sensory memory holds information for a very short period: auditory (echoic) memory lasts several seconds, while visual (iconic) memory lasts about 0.25 to 0.5 seconds.

What are schemas in memory organization?

Mental frameworks built by experience that help organize and interpret information.