Immunology - Quiz

He demonstrated that material from cowpox lesion could be substituted for smallpox in variolation.

Edward Jenner

All of the following diseases were studied and created vaccines for by Louis Pasteur, except?

tuberculosis

A microorganism strain that is unable to cause disease?

Avirulent

Which of the following defense mechanisms is the first line of defense from invading microorganisms?

physical barriers

Skin microbiota is said to contribute to an animal’s physical barrier through which mechanism?

outcompeting pathogens

In terms of response, which of the following defense component is absent during the first few minutes of microbial invasion?

Antibodies

In terms of response, which of the following defense component is absent during the first few minutes of microbial invasion?

lipopolysaccharide

These are structures on the surfaces of pathogens that are recognized by the innate syste

PAMPs

This is an antigen-sensitive cell in adaptive immunity that acts against extracellular invaders?

B lymphocyte

When a helper T cell activates a B cell, it differentiates into plasma cells. What is the function of plasma cells?

Produces antibodies

These are the first cells to appear and respond microbial invaders

Neutrophils

Peptidoglycan from bacteria will bind to which specific TLR?

TLR2

CpG DNA from bacteria or viruses will bind to which specific TLR?

TLR9

A cytokines are produced when sentinel cells detect viral DNA?

IFN-β

dsRNA of viruses within the cytosol can be detected by which of the following PRRs?

RLRs

mtDNA is a major type of DAMPs in damaged tissues that act through which of the following mechanism?

CpG DNA binds to TLR9

All of the following comprise the major types of cytokines produced by sentinel cells, except?

IFN-β

This cytokine has anti-inflammatory properties as it can regulate the function of other cytokines?

TNF-α

Blood vessels constrict shortly after tissue damage, why?

for platelets to produce fibrin

Lysozymes are antimicrobial molecules that act on peptidoglycan through which of the following mechanism?

cleave B-1,4 glycosidic bond

Developed through myeloid channel Phagocytic

Produce cytokines

One of the first cells to appear after invasion

Macrophage

✓ Produces cytokines ✓ Involved in innate immunity ✓ Promotes cell-mediated immunity ✓ Antigen presenting cell is a macrophage

Helper Th1 cell

Actively circulates in blood to find targets Developed via lymphoid channel

Not phagocytic

Does not need to be sensitized

Natural Killer cell

✓ Involved in response to secondary exposure ✓ Normally not found in blood

✓ When it is antigen-sensitive, it is found in the bone marrow

✓ Can divide into plasma cells

B lymphocyte

✓ Found in lymph nodes

✓ When its precursor divides, produces another cell that “remembers”

✓ Normally not found in blood

✓ has extensive rough endoplasmic reticulum

Plasma cells

✓ The first to appear during adaptive immunity

✓ Cell of the adaptive immunity

✓ Produces cytokines to activate other cells

✓ Antigen-presenting cell could be macrophage or B cell

Helper Th2 cell

✓ Actively seeks virus-infected cell

✓ Cell of the adaptive immunity

✓ Produces perforins and granzymes

✓ Found with a memory cell in inflamed tissues

Cytotoxic T cell

✓ Not normally found in the blood

✓ Develops within bone marrow

✓ Found in follicles

✓ Antigen-sensitive but can also present antigens

Memory B cell

✓ A sentinel cell…

✓ A cell of innate immune system

✓ …but not phagocytic

✓ Does not function in antigen presentation

Mast cell

✓ A sentinel cell

✓ majority developed through myeloid channel ✓ Decides whether antibody- or cell-mediate immunity is initiated

✓ Found everywhere

Dendritic cells

✓ Not a sentinel cell…

✓ …but phagocytic

✓ rare in blood

✓ cytoplasm contains granules

Neutrophils

✓ Cell of the adaptive immune system

✓ remains in secondary lymphoid tissues…

✓ …or in inflamed tissues

✓ The reason why a secondary skin graft will be immediately rejected

Memory T cell

✓ Blood enters the tissues where the vessel is surrounded by a sheath with T cells

✓ Contains follicles where B cells are found

✓ Can detect antigens in blood

✓ Plasma cells migrate to release antibodies to the bloodstream

Spleen

When examined microscopically, consists of lobules

✓ Involutes after puberty of an animal

✓ The cortex of these lobules are rich with lymphocytes

✓ Source of lymphocytes acting in cell mediated immunity

Thymus

✓ Contains follicles that transform into germinal centers

✓ Persists through adult stage

✓ In conduits, dendritic cells sample antigens ✓ Samples lymph

Lymph nodes