chapter 13 - chronic adaptations to exercise training

definition of ficks equation

product of maximal cardiac output and maximal arteriovenous difference

max cardiac output: how much blood your heart can pump per minute at max exercise

max arteriovenous difference: how much oxygen the muscles extract from the blood

timing of endurance training induced changers - VO2 max and why

short duration: VO2 max increase because Qmax increases

ficks equation

VO2 max = Q max x (a-vO2 diff max)

what causes the increase in maximal stroke volume 

increase in end diastolic volume (pre load) 

decrease in average aortic blood pressure (after load) 

increase in ventricular contractions (contractility) 

2 changes that occur in muscle that impact a-vO2 difference

increases capillary density

increases mitochondrial number

3 things that help maintain homeostasis after exercise

more rapid transition from rest to steady state

reduced reliance on glycogen stores

improved cardiovascular and thermoregulatory adaptations

what are normal changes that happen in endurance training

increased oxidative muscle fibers, number of mitochondria, ability to metabolize fat, muscle antioxidant capacity, capillary density

what are primary signals for muscle adaptations

mechanical stretch, calcium, free radicals, phosphate/muscle energy levels

what is a secondary signal and what does it do 

mTOR - stimulates muscle growth from resistance training 

training adaptations, why is there less disruption of blood pH

increased mitochondrial number

increased NADH shuttles

changes in LDH type

links between muscle ad systemic physiology

decrease in E/NE

decrease in HR and ventilation

when detraining, the initial response is 

a decrease in VO2 max because of decreased stroke volume 

adaptations to strength training

nervous system adaptations muscle hypertrophy