Finals - PSYC 101

Lecture 18 - (+ merged prior flashcards)

What is memory?

The ability to store and retrieve info over time

What are the 3 steps in memory?

Encoding, storage, retrieval

What is visual imagery encoding?

Process of storing new info by converting into mental pictures

What is semantic encoding?

Process of actively relating new info to knowledge already in memory

What is organizational encoding?

Process of categorizing info according to the rship among a series of items

What is encoding in memory?

Transofrming perception into memories, creating the memory

What is storage in memory?

Maintaining info in memory over time

What is retrieval?

Bringing to mind info which has been previously encoded and stored

What is sensory memory and how long does it last?

Brief storage of sensory info, last under 3s. no capacity limit

What is iconic memory?

Sensory memory of visual info

What is echoic memory?

Sensory memory of auditory info

What is rehearsal the process of?

Process of keeping info in STM via mental repetition

What is the serial position effect?

The first and last few items have higher recall rate than middle

What is chunking?

STM storage that actively maintains and manipulates info

What happened with patient HM and what type of amnesia do they have?

Hippocampus removal left inability to store LTM, working memory was fine

• Anterograde amnesia

What is anterograde amnesia?

Can’t encode new info from ST to LT storage

What is retrograde amnesia?

Can’t get info before a certain date

What is long term potentiation?

Use it or lose it to strengthen synaptic connections between neurons (memory recall better)

What is consolidation?

strengthen newly acquired memories

What is reconsolidation?

re-stabilize re-actived established memories

What is a retrieval cue?

Info associated with stored info helps bring it to mind

What is transfer appropriate processing?

Matching the context of initial encoding and retrieving of memory helps improve recall

What is encoding specifict principle?

Matching external context cues during encoding and retrieving will enhance memory retrieval

What is state dependent memory?

Matching mental state duirng encoding and retrieving helps with retrieval

What is a recall question?

Assessing recall ability?

What is recognition question?

Assessing recognition ability with cues, easier

What is photographic memory?

Ability to recall past scene in vivid detail

How does forgetting work (mental and biological)?

Memories fade if not recalled, synpases not being used will weaken and eventually be pruned

What is the google effect?

Less likely to recall info we can easily find online

What is priming?

Unconscious connection and thinking of a stimulus due to recent exposure to another stimulus

What is perceptual priming?

Sensory features being connected

Ex. Goat and Boat vs desk

What is conceptual priming?

Stronger and last longer (meaning)

Ex. Seat and chair vs bear

What is transcience?

Forgetting that occurs as time passes

What is the curve of forgetting?

memory fades quicker at first then slower over time

What is retroactive interference?

Smth learned later impairs memory for info acquired earlier

What is proactive interference?

Earlier learning impairs memory for info acquired later

What is infantile/childhood amnesia?

Most of us have few or no memories from first few years of life

What is absentmindness?

A lapse in attention results in memory failure

What is prospective memory?

Remembering to do things in the future

What is blocking in terms of the seven sins of memory?

Tip of the tongue phenomenon

What is memory misattribution?

Assigning a recollection/idea to the wrong source (right memory, wrong source)

What is your source memory?

recollection of when, where, and how info was acquired

What is false recognition?

Feeling of familiarity about something that hasn’t been encountered before

What is deja vu?

False sense of familiarity

What brain parts are damaged/weaker that cause deja vu?

Frontal lobe damage or temporal lobe seizures

also hippocampus, parahippocampal gyrus

What factors increase the chance of deja vu?

Being 15-25 with high level of education

travelling a lot

remembering dreams and holding liberal beleifs

on evenings and on weekends

Why are eyewitness testimonies often inaccurate with regard to memory misattribution?

Memories tend to be fragile and crazily intense emotion can cause inaccuracy

What are 3 factors affecting eyewitness memory?

• encoding stage factors; intense emotional environments

• storage stage factors; time

• retrieval stat factors; expections, reconsolidation

What is suggestibility (5th sin)?

tendency to incorporate misleading info from external sources into personal recollection

What is an example of suggestibility?

Implanitng false memory → seeing Bugs Bunny at Disneyland after saw ad

What is bias (6th sin)?

Present knowedge/feelings/beleifs influence recollection of the past

What is the consistency bias?

Remaking the past to fit the present

• How good rship with parents was ten years ago is affected by current rship

What is egocentric bias?

tendency to exaggerate change with present and past to make self look good retrospectively (catching a fish)

What is persistence (7th sin)?

Intrusive recollection of events we wish we could forget (trauma)

What are flashbulb memories?

Vivid long lasting memories of personally central or emotional/shocking event

What are some virtues of the 7 sins of memory?

Transience; virtues of forgetting

Absentmindedness and blocking; selectivity

Memory misattribution, suggestibility, bias; flexibility

Persistence; long lasting nature

What is shallow depth processing?

The encoding of info on basic sensory levels

What is deep depth processing?

The encoding of info semantically by connecting existing memories and relating to own personal info

What are 4 ways to process info deeply?

• elaborate on info

• make distinctions

• apply to life

  • explore further

How does emotion influence memory?

Events with more emotional weight are reinforced and tend to be more vivid and accurate

How are traumatic events implicated with memory?

Tend to linger and relive, often triggered via cued recalls

• impacts limbic system

How does depression implicate memory?

Depressed individuals tend to rememebr neg events easier than pos events

• amygdala is super sensitive to neg info

What is learning?

Aquisition of new knowledge/skills via expereince/practice

What is habituation?

process where repeated exposure to stimulus leads to gradual reduction in responding

What is sensitization?

presentation of a stimulus leads to increased response to later stimulus

What is classical conditioning?

phenonmenon where a neutral stimulus gives response when paired with a stimulus that naturally gives response

What are the 3 principles for successful classical conditioning?

• NS should occur before US

• NS and US are very close in time

  • NS must be paired repeatedly and consistenly with US before conditioning occurs

What is associative learning?

linking certain events/behaviour together in the process of conditioning

What is unconditoned stimulus?

stimulus that reliably produces natural reaction from organism

What is uncodntioned response?

automatic reaction from US

What is conditioned stimulus?

initially NS, produces reliable response through conditioning

What is conditioned response?

resembles UR but made by CS

How are phobias acquired?

learned association of smth we dont fear with smth triggering fear responses

What is second order conditioning?

CS used for another association between NS and CR

What is acquisition?

CC phase where CS and US are presented together

What is extinction?

gradual elimination of learned response when US is not presented

What is spontaneous recovery?

Tendency of learned behaviour to recover from extinction after rest period

What is generalization?

tendency forCR to occur with similar CS

What is discrimination?

tendency for response to occur with 1 stimulus but not other

What is operant conditioning?

consequnces of behaviour/response determining whether behaviur will repeat in the future

What is a famous example of operant conditioing?

Skinner’s box, where the rat gets food if it presses the lever

What is a reinforcer?

stimulus increasing chance of behaviour leading to it

What is a primary reinforcer?

stimulus that meets basic biological need

What is a secondary reinforcer?

stimulus associated with primary reinforcers via CC

• Ex. Money, compliments

What is a punisher in operant conditioing?

stimulus decreasing chance of behaviour leading to it

What are the four possible results from a response leading to a consequence?

Pos reinforcement = stimulus presented and behaviour likelihood incr

neg reinforcement = stimulus removed and behaviour likelihood incr

Pos punishment = stimulus presented and behaviour likelihood decr

neg reinforcement = stimulus removed and behaviour likelihood decr

How does stimulus control help us learn complex behaviours?

Same behaviour will be repeated or not depending on stimulus

What is shaping?

learning resulting from reinforcemnt of successive steps to a final desired behaviour

What is successive approximation?

WHere behaviour gets incrementally closer to desired behaviour

What is continuous reinforcement?

when behaviour is reinforced every time it occurs

• Ex. vending machine

What is intermittent reinforcement?

Where only some response are followed by reinforcement

What are the two interval schedules in intermittent reinforcement?

Fixed interval = reinforce behaviour in fixed intervals

variable interval = reinforce behaviur in random intervals

What are the two ratio schedules for intermittent reinforcement?

Fixed ratio = reinforce behaivour after desired behaviour showed X amount of times

Variable ratio = reinforce behaviour after desired behaviour showed a random amount of times