31 Porcine Gastrointestinal Diseases: Diseases of Mature Pigs

Colibacillosis, TGE/PDE SEVERE, Clostridium enteritis, Rotaviral enteritis, Coccidiosis, Isospora suis

Create a short list of potential etiologic differentials that are likely to cause GI disease in pigs based on their age of 5 weeks or younger

MILD TGE/PDE, Salmonella enterocolitis, swine dysentery, trichuris suis, proliferative enteritis

Create a short list of potential etiologic differentials that are likely to cause GI disease in pigs based on their age of older than 5 weeks

PRRS

What is the most COSTLY disease in the swine industry?

PRRS depresses the immune system of affected pigs, making secondary pathogens, which could be GI, a much bigger headache

PRRS is not a GI disease. So why is it mentioned in relation to GI?

SEPTICEMIA: Salmonella cholerasuis

ENTEROCOLITIS: Salmonella typhimurium

What is the causative agent of Enteric Salmonellosis in pigs

Salmonella typhimurium

Which type of Salmonella is an important zoonotic organism that can be a foodborne pathogen of pigs:

Salmonella cholerasuis or typhimurium

Enterocolitis

Salmonella typhimurium causes enterocolitis or septicemia

Septicemia

Salmonella cholerasuis causes enterocolitis or septicemia

Negative

Salmonella is a gram positive/negative anaerobe

Stress

What causes Salmonella to shed from carrier and diseased animals?

Salmonella

This pathogen invades enterocytes, M cells, and macrophages and releases enterotoxins to cause SECRETORY AND MALABSORPTIVE diarrhea

Salmonella cholerasuis

A pig over 4 weeks old presents with cyanosis of the ears and belly, diarrhea, pneumonia, and a distended belly. Thoughts?

Interstitial Pneumonia, Button ulcers (fibrinonecrotic ulcerations in mucosal surface colon)

What macroscopic lesions will be present on necropsy in a pig with Salmonella cholerasuis?

BUTTON ULCERS: classic of Salmonella cholerasuis

You see this presentation in a pig's mucosal colon surface. Before death, the pig had diarrhea and cyanosis of the ears and belly. Thoughts?

Rectal stricture secondary to salmonellosis

This pig over 4 weeks old is having diarrhea. Thoughts?

Salmonellosis (salmonella cholerasuis) = cyanosis top left, fibrinonecrotic button ulcers top right, interstitial pneumonia bottom left

This combination signs in classic of pigs with WHAT

Salmonellosis = rectal stricture

You would expect pig intestines to look like this if they were survivors of WHAT disease?

Salmonellosis

Which disease do you find mucosal damage and necrosis as a result of ischemia caused by vasculitis and microvascular thrombosis in pigs?

Culture and sensitivity with bacterial subtyping, NO serology

What do you do to diagnose salmonellosis in pigs?

Water medication for enteric, injectable for pneumonia

What can you do to treat pigs with salmonellosis (cholerasuis NOT typhimurium)?

Environmental sanitation

What is the primary risk factor for pigs developing Salmonella?

YES = MLV (oral, intranasal)

Is there a vaccine for Salmonella in pigs?

Ileitis or Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy

What is another name for Lawsonia intracellularis in pigs?

Lawsonia intracellularis

What causes Porcine Proliferative enteritis?

In the ileum

Where does Lawsonia intracellularis proliferate in immature epithelial cells and cause loss of absorption?

1. PIA (porcine intestinal adenomatosis)

2. necrotic form

3. acute hemorrhagic form and sudden death

What are the 3 main forms of Lawsonia intracellularis Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy?

PIA: Porcine intestinal adenomatosis

Which form of Lawsonia intracellularis causes the ileal mucosa to thicken and not absorb nutrients like it should

Over 7 weeks old

About how old are pigs affected by Lawsonia intracellularis?

Porcine Proliferative enteropathy

A pig presents with a thickened intestinal "garden hose" ileal wall. It is over 7 weeks old. Thoughts?

Older gilts and sows

What age of pig is acute hemorrhagic form of porcine proliferative enteropathy most common in?

Porcine Proliferative enteropathy

A pig presents with diarrhea with an orange tinge. On necropsy, you see this in the older sow. Thoughts?

PCR on feces, oral fluids, or intestinal content, YES serology

How can you ID porcine proliferative enteropathy Lawsonia intracellularis?

Antibiotics in WATER = no injectable available

How do you treat Lawsonia intracellularis?

Salmonella

Water Chlortetracycline, oxytetracycline, and florfenicol are good options for treating Salmonella or Lawsonia in pigs

Lawsonia

Water Tylosin and Tylvalosin are good options for treating Salmonella or Lawsonia in pigs

YES = MLV oral and injectable

Is there a vaccine for Lawsonia intracellularis in pigs?

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

What is the causative agent of Swine Dysentery?

Spirochete

What is the shape of Swine Dysentery?

Brachyspira hampsonii

Brachyspira hyodysenteriae is the main cause of swine dysentery. What is the new species of Brachyspira that causes a disease similar to swine dysentery?

8 weeks old to adults (grow finish pigs that are already weaned)

What age of pigs are affected by Brachyspira Swine Dysentery?

Swine Dysentery

Which problem of pigs colonizes the colon, leading to mucosal hyperplasia, endotoxin and hemolysin release, and ultimate failure of the colon to reabsorb water from the GI tract

SECRETORY: The intestines secrete more fluid than they absorb, often due to an infection or a specific toxin

MALABSORPTIVE: The small intestine cannot properly absorb nutrients, often due to damage to the intestinal lining

What is the difference between secretory and malabsorptive diarrhea?

Swine dysentery, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

A pig 10 weeks old presents initially with abdominal discomfort and a transient fever. It has diarrhea with blood and mucous, then dies suddenly. Necropsy shows mucohemorrhagic colitis. Thoughts?

Mucohemorrhagic colitis: Swine dysentery

Thoughts in this 9 week old pig?

Clinical signs, necropsy, Culture, NO SEROLOGY

What ways can you diagnose swine dysentery, Brachyspira hyodysenteriae?

NO

Does swine dysentery have a vaccine?

Yes

Does swine dysentery have labeled antibiotics for treatment?

a. Trichuris suis

Whipworm in pigs is:

a. Trichuris suis

b. Ascaris suum

c. Trichuris vulpis

d. Toxocara canis

b. Ascaris suum

Roundworm in pigs is:

a. Trichuris suis

b. Ascaris suum

c. Trichuris vulpis

d. Toxocara canis

Ileal-cecal junction

Where should you look in pigs if you suspect Trichuris suis whipworm?

Pigs on dirt lot environment

What is a risk factor for pigs developing Trichuris suis whipworm?

Over 8 weeks old

Pigs are typically HOW OLD when they present with signs of Trichuris suis?

Trichuris suis

If I told you this 10 week old pig has a failure to grow and decreased average daily gain, what do you think?

TRUE

TRUE OR FALSE: Ascaris suum has little to no consequence in confined pigs because of lack of exposure to feces, it only mainly affects sows in gestation stalls and farrowing crates and those on dirt/rooting

28 days

How long is the lifecycle for Ascaris suum roundworm?

MILK SPOTS on the liver = Ascaris suum

A pig presents with failure to grow and decreased average daily gain. The pig also had a mild, chronic cough. In death, this is visible. Thoughts?

Liver scars resolve in 4-8 weeks

How long does it take for pigs to heal from Ascaris suum?

Yes

Are oral fluids useful for Ascaris suum in pigs?

Yes

Do Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis have labeled antiparasitics?

Ascaris suum is, Trichuris no

Are Ascaris suum and Trichuris suis zoonotic?

Hemorrhagic bowel syndrome: palpate for volvulus = lack of perfusion leads to lack of blood flow to the intestines leading to swelling and black color

An older pig that "looked healthy yesterday" is found dead with a bloated abdomen. Lumen contents are hemorrhagic but not clotting. What are you thinking and what do you look for?

Non-glandular stomach

Where do pigs get gastric ulcers?

Out of feed, small particle size

What typically causes gastric ulcers in pigs?

Gastric ulcers

A pig presents with dark, tarry feces and anemia. Eventually, the pig is found dead with a large blood clot in its stomach. There are no lesions in the intestine or colon. Thoughts?

Rectal prolapse, may be caused by coughing, straining, or chilling

Thoughts? What can cause this?

a. Enteric Salmonellosis (Cholerasuis)

b. Lawsonia intracellularis (but NOT injectable)

c. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

d. Tricuris suis

e. Ascaris suum

Select which of the following diseases HAVE (labeled) treatment options in pigs:

a. Enteric Salmonellosis

b. Lawsonia intracellularis

c. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

d. Tricuris suis

e. Ascaris suum

a. Enteric Salmonellosis

b. Lawsonia intracellularis

Select which of the following diseases HAVE vaccine options in pigs:

a. Enteric Salmonellosis

b. Lawsonia intracellularis

c. Brachyspira hyodysenteriae

d. Tricuris suis

e. Ascaris suum